麻疯树叶浸提液对万寿菊幼苗氮代谢的影响

[目的]揭示麻疯树对林下植物的化感生理机制。[方法]研究麻疯树叶浸提液对万寿菊幼苗叶片的叶绿素总量、蛋白质、硝态氮、铵态氮及与氮代谢相关的酶的影响。[结果]与对照相比,麻疯树叶浸提液加入土壤后,明显抑制了万寿菊总叶绿素含量。同时,叶浸提液也减少了叶片中总氮、蛋白质和硝态氮含量,但增加了铵态氮的含量,而且这种效应随着叶浸提液浓度的增加而增加。另外,麻疯树叶浸提液在较低浓度时,硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酸合成酶(GS)活性没有显著变化,但在较高浓度时,NR和GS酶活性明显降低。谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性随着叶浸提液浓度增加而增加。[结论]麻疯树能释放化感物质进入土壤,通过干扰氮代谢的生理活动,抑制植物的生长。     

Overland flow systems for treatment of landfill leachates—Potential nitrification and structure of the ammonia-oxidising bacterial community during a growing season

Overland flow systems are useful for treating landfill leachates, because they provide favourable conditions for nitrification and they are easy to maintain. However, little is known about the microbial communities in such systems or the nitrification capacity of those microorganisms. In this study, seasonal variations in potential nitrification and in community composition of nitrifying bacteria were investigated in two overland flow areas receiving leachate from landfills at Korslöt and Hagby, Sweden. Samples were collected in the settling ponds sediment and at two depths in the overland flow areas (the macrophyte litter layer and the rhizosphere) in May, August and November 2003. A short-term incubation method was used to measure potential oxidation of ammonia and nitrite (designated PAO and PNO). The ammonia-oxidising bacterial (AOB) community was investigated using a 16S rRNA gene approach that included PCR amplification and analysis of PCR products by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), followed by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.PAO was determined in the range 5-2700 (NO₂⁻+NO₃⁻)-N g⁻¹ dw d⁻¹ and PNO in the range 60-2000 μg NO₂⁻-N g⁻¹ dw d⁻¹. At Korslöt, PAO and PNO showed similar temporal variation in the different ecosystems, whereas no such relationship was noticed at Hagby. Considering both sites, there was no obvious change in the composition of the AOB community over the growing season. However, the composition did differ between the ecosystems: Nitrosomonas-like sequences were more common in the ponds, and in the litter layers they were found as often as Nitrosospira-like sequences, whereas Nitrosospira-like sequences were more common in the rhizospheres. Altogether, we found nine different AOB sequences, five Nitrosomonas-like and four Nitrosospira-like, which belonged to clusters 0, 2, 3b, 6a, 6b and 7. There was no apparent relationship between the number of AOB populations and the PAO in different soil layers and sediments.     

油松白桦混交林中生化他感作用的生物测定

该文对油松（ＰｉｎｕｓｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓＣａｒｒ．）、白桦（Ｂｅｔｕｌａｐｌａｔｙｐｈｙｌｌａ）混交林中的生化他感作用进行了生物测定。结果表明，油松白桦纯林及混交林中枯落叶、半分解枯落叶和表层土壤的水浸液、白桦鲜叶和鲜根的淋洗液及白桦根系的春季伤流液对植物幼苗生长均有一定的影响。所有样品均表现出在高浓度下显著抑制植物生长，随着浓度降低，抑制作用减弱、消失，甚至转变为促进作用的规律；其中各林分枯落叶水浸液及白桦鲜叶淋洗液在高浓度时抑制作用最强，但混交林枯落叶抑制作用有所降低，且在低浓度下表现出明显的促进作用。说明在营造松桦混交林时，白桦比例适当减小将有利于油松的生长。     

琼花化感物质释放途径

为确定园林植物琼花(Viburnum macrocephalum)化感物质释放途径,了解其化感作用机制,以培养皿滤纸法系统研究琼花叶片水浸物、茎叶淋溶物、叶片挥发物、根系分泌物、叶片分解物对白三叶(Trifolium repens)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和细弱剪股颖(Agrostis tenuis)种子萌发的化感作用,并采用盆栽法测定其叶片水浸液的化感活性,对琼花化感作用进行验证。结果表明:琼花叶片水浸液强烈抑制4种受体植物的发芽率和发芽指数;茎叶淋溶物、根系分泌物和叶片分解物对受体植物萌发表现较强的抑制作用,其中茎叶淋溶物活性最高,其次是叶片分解物;琼花叶片挥发物能促进白三叶和紫花苜蓿萌发。说明,茎叶淋溶和残体分解是琼花化感物质主要释放途径,其活体主要以茎叶淋溶方式释放化感物质。研究结果能够指导琼花在园林中的合理配置。