Resistance to Ivermectin and the Effect of Topical Eprinomectin on Faecal Egg Counts in St Croix White Hair Sheep

Veterinary Research Communications -     

牛皮下注射爱普菌素注射剂后组织残留预测模型研究

【目的】本文研究是为了探讨动物活体样品(血液等)与组织(肌肉等)中药物残留量之间的关系,并建立相应的预测模型。【方法】牛颈部皮下一次性注射抗寄生虫药爱普菌素注射液(1%),注射剂量为0.5mg·kg-1体重,分别在给药后第1、第3、第7、第14、第21、第28、第42和第56天,各屠宰3头取样用高效液相色谱分析。【结果】采用SPSS统计学软件,以消除相血液中爱普菌素残留为自变量拟合的预测模型回归方程,R2均大于0.9,方程拟合度经F检验,P值均小于0.001;以消除相粪便中爱普菌素残留为自变量拟合的预测模型回归方程,R2均大于0.8,方程拟合度经F检验,P值均小于0.001,说明回归方程具有显著的统计学意义。【结论】牛皮下注射爱普菌素后,血液或粪便中爱普菌素残留与可食组织中的残留具有很强的相关性。     

高效液相色谱法测定乳品与饲料中阿维菌素类药物残留

建立乳品与饲料中阿维菌素类药物(埃普利诺菌素、阿维菌素、多拉菌素和伊维菌素)残留液相色谱的测定方法。乙腈为提取剂,tC18固相萃取小柱净化,三氟乙酸酐和N-甲基咪唑柱前衍生,C18柱分离,甲醇-乙腈的混合溶剂与水梯度洗脱,液相色谱仪荧光检测器检测,外标法定量。每1 000 g乳粉(或每1 000 mL液态乳)中阿维菌素添加量为1.5 μg时,回收率大于95％。本方法液态乳、酸乳、乳粉的定量限为2μg/kg,饲料的定量限为10 μg/kg。该方法具有结果准确、操作简便、重复性好等优点,可用于乳品和饲料中阿维菌素类药物残留的检测。     

HPLC法同时测定复方吡喹酮浇泼剂中有效成分的含量

本试验旨在建立一种同时测定复方吡喹酮浇泼剂中吡喹酮和乙酰氨基阿维菌素含量的HPLC方法.色谱条件为 C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),柱温30 ℃,流动相为乙腈-水-三氟乙酸(70:30:0.01),流速1.0 mL/min,进样量20 μL,检测波长245 nm.吡喹酮在0.7506~7.5063 mg/mL范围内,乙酰氨基阿维菌素在31.266~312.660 μg/mL范围内线性关系均良好,相关系数(r)均为0.9999,平均回收率分别为99.0%、98.1%,RSD分别为1.02%、0.32%.本试验所建立的HPLC法快速简便、准确可靠,可用于复方吡喹酮浇泼剂中吡喹酮和乙酰氨基阿维菌素含量的测定.     

乙酰氨基阿维菌素国家对照品的研制

以乙酰氨基阿维菌素为原料研制首批乙酰氨基阿维菌素国家对照品,并进行质量评价。采用高效液相色谱法和质谱法对原料进行结构确证,分装后的乙酰氨基阿维菌素对照品采用质量平衡法定值,同时采用高效液相色谱外标法加以佐证。结果显示,以质量平衡法计算乙酰氨基阿维菌素(B_1a+B_1b)含量为97.79%,液相色谱外标法测定含量为98.18%,两种方法测定结果基本一致。本次研制的乙酰氨基阿维菌素对照品可用于乙酰氨基阿维菌素及其制剂的鉴别与含量测定。     

3种固相萃取柱在测定牛血清样品中乙酰氨基阿维菌素前处理中的比较研究

初步评价在乙酰氨基阿维菌素药动学前处理中3种固相萃取柱对乙酰氨基阿维菌素的净化、萃取效果。首先在空白胎牛血清中加入一定量的乙酰氨基阿维菌素标准溶液,经色谱甲醇提取后,分别经Agilent公司、Waters公司和Agela Technologies公司的C₁₈SPE柱进行萃取(分别简称A固相萃取柱、W固相萃取柱、AT固相萃取柱),再经N-甲基咪唑和三氟乙酸酐衍生化,最后用超高效液相色谱-荧光检测器进行测定。与此同时,将等量的乙酰氨基阿维菌素标准溶液进行衍生化,用超高效液相色谱-荧光检测器进行测定,其结果作为对照。以绝对回收率作为评价3种SPE柱净化、萃取EPR效果的标准。结果显示,含有EPR的胎牛血清经A固相萃取柱萃取后,EPR峰形尖锐对称且无明显杂质峰,其绝对回收率为80.79%;经W固相萃取柱萃取后,乙酰氨基阿维菌素峰形尖锐对称且无明显杂质峰,其绝对回收率为83.61%;经AT固相萃取柱萃取后,乙酰氨基阿维菌素峰形尖锐对称且无明显杂质峰,其绝对回收率仅为64.20%。相对于A与AT固相萃取柱,Waters公司的C₁₈SPE柱萃取EPR的效果更好。研究结果为后期乙酰氨基阿维菌素的药物代谢动力学试验奠定了基础。     

牛肝中阿维菌素类药物残留的高效液相色谱荧光检测方法的研究

采用高效液相色谱分离,荧光检测器检测,建立了固相萃取分析牛组织中埃普利诺菌素、阿维菌素、多拉菌素和伊维菌素残留的方法.样品用乙腈提取,碱性氧化铝和C18SPE柱净化,用乙酸酐和1-甲基咪唑的乙腈溶液作衍生化试剂,在96℃条件下,完全衍生化需要100min.4种药物的平均回收率为70.02%～88.75%,日内变异系数小于8.52%,日间变异系数小于7.13%.埃普利诺菌素、阿维菌素、多拉菌素和伊维菌素的检出限为0.4～0.5μg/kg,定量限为2ug/kg.该方法可靠、灵敏,可用于常规残留分析.     

Perinatal development of lymphoid tissue and its associated epithelium in the ovine pharyngeal tonsil: A morphological study

The perinatal development of lymphoid tissue and its associated epithelium in the pharyngeal tonsil of sheep was investigated by light and electron microscopy. The lymphoid cells first appeared in the subepithelium in a scattered form at about 92 days gestation. These cells proliferated rapidly during the last trimester of gestation, and had formed many dense aggregates at the time of parturition. At birth, the epithelium overlying the aggregates was extensively infiltrated with lymphocytes and showed early transformation of follicle-associated epithelium. The lymphoid tissue and its associated epithelium did not, however., fully develop until after birth, when well-differentiated follicle-associated epithelium and lymphoid follicles with vigorous lymphopoiesis were present. In l–2 week old lambs, these structures were ultrastructurally similar to those seen in adult sheep although their size was smaller. The results of this study suggest that the lymphoid tissue of the ovine pharyngeal tonsil and its associated epithelium are morphologically ready to cope with antigens in the extra-uterine environment at birth, but that their full development and maturation are dependent on postnatal antigen stimulation.     

Corneal sequestrum in the cat. Repair using a tarso-conjunctival pedicle flap

Corneal sequestrum was diagnosed upon clinical examination of 12 cats. The cornea of seven were examined histologically and had focal necrosis and inflammation of the stroma and epithelium. As the simple excision of the corneal lesions had been unsuccessful in two of the cats, repair of these was effected by construction of a tarso-conjunctival pedicle flap after the excision of the sequestrum.     

Efficacy of macrocyclic lactones for the control of larvae of the Old World screw-worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of four macrocyclic lactones for the control of larvae of the Old World Screw-worm Fly (OWS), Chrysomya bezziana, and to examine the effects of excreted residues on the dung fauna. ANIMALS: 100 heifers were divided into five groups of 20 animals. One group remained untreated, whereas the other groups were treated respectively with pour-on formulations of moxidectin, eprinomectin or doramectin, or a sustained-release bolus of ivermectin. PROCEDURES: At intervals of 1 to 15 weeks after treatment, five cattle from each group were challenged with newly-laid eggs of OWS. The efficacy of each treatment was determined 48 h later by comparing the number of myiases in the treated and untreated groups. Abundance of fly larvae in naturally-voided dung pads and the survival of a species of dung beetle, Onthophagus sagittarius, were used to assess the effects of drug residues on the dung fauna. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Moxidectin showed no activity against larvae of OWS during the first 14 days after treatment. Eprinomectin provided protection for 3 days after dosing, but failed at days 7 and 14, whereas doramectin was effective at day 7, but not at days 14 or 21. In contrast, no myiases were established on bolus-treated cattle from 14 to 102 days after treatment. Faecal residues of moxidectin had no effect on the survival of larvae of dung-feeding flies, whereas those of eprinomectin and doramectin reduced survival for 1 to 2 weeks. Dung voided by bolus-treated cattle inhibited fly breeding and had adverse effects on the development and survival of O sagittarius for up to 15 weeks after treatment.