乙矮合剂对不同密度夏玉米花粒期叶片氮素同化与早衰的影响

为探讨乙矮合剂调控夏玉米氮素同化和防止后期早衰的生理机制,为建立华北夏玉米区密植高产稳产化学调控技术提供理论依据,2013—2014年在中国农业科学院新乡试验站,以中单909和浚单20为材料,设置乙矮合剂(ECK)和密度梯度处理,研究密度梯度对花后玉米穗位叶氮同化特征和早衰的影响,以及ECK的化学调控效应。结果表明,灌浆期(花后0~40 d),穗位叶硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性随密度增加而显著下降;灌浆后期(花后30~40 d),谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性随种植密度增加而显著降低。穗位叶叶绿素相对含量、可溶性蛋白含量和游离氨基酸含量在灌浆中后期(花后20~40 d)随种植密度增加而显著降低;两品种产量在7.5万株hm–2密度达最大值,7.5~10.5万株hm–2密度群体产量下降,高密群体易发生早衰。ECK处理显著提高了各密度群体灌浆中后期(花后20~40 d)穗位叶NR活性、GS活性、游离氨基酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素含量;显著提高了高密群体(7.5~10.5万株hm–2)GOT活性和GPT活性;较高密群体下(7.5~10.5万株hm–2),中单909和浚单20较各自对照的增产幅度分别为5.59%~6.63%和6.73%~8.10%。ECK处理提高了高密群体夏玉米穗位叶片氮代谢关键酶活性及其产物含量,保证密植群体氮代谢正常进行,有效防止早衰及提高产量。综上所述,采用合理的种植密度并结合喷施乙矮合剂可作为华北夏玉米区高产栽培的重要技术措施。     

矮生长豇豆的生育与产量形成

对春播和秋播矮生长豇豆的生长动态,叶面积形成与效能,结荚与豆荚产量形成特性等进行研究,结果表明,春播矮生长豇豆植株和各个器官的生长动态均呈Ｓ形曲线变化。秋播矮生长豇豆虽然无抽蔓期,但其生长动态与春播基本相同,而且植株生长和叶面积都较大,单株结荚稍多,但产量无明显差异。净同化率（ＮＡＲ）在营养生长过程较高,生殖生长过程较低。本文还讨论了矮生与蔓生长豇豆生育与产量形成的差异。     

Effects of Soluble Silicate and Nanosilica Application on Rice Nutrition in an Oxisol

Silicon(Si) has been supplied to plants via application of calcium silicate to soil; however, high doses of calcium silicate are required because of its low solubility. Nanoparticles can reduce Si doses and be applied to seeding furrows. This study investigated the effects of liquid Si sources, i.e., highly soluble silicate(115.2 g L~(-1) Si and 60.5 g L~(-1) Na_2O) and nanosilica( 200 nm), on Si uptake by rice plants, plant lignification, plant C:N:P stoichiometry, plant physiology, and grain yield using an Oxisol under greanhouse condistions. The treatments included the application of nanosilica and soluble silicate to seeding furrows at Si doses of 0, 605, 1 210,and 2 420 g ha~(-1). Plant uptake and treatment effects were evaluated by measuring C and lignin contents, Si, N, and P accumulation,physiological characteristics, and grain yield of rice. The deposition of silica bodies and amorphous silica in the flag leaves was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Application of liquid Si increased Si accumulation in rice by 47.3% in relation to the control(0 g ha~(-1) Si), regardless of the Si sources used. Nanosilica application increased leaf lignin content by 112.7% when compared to that in the control. Silicon moderately affected the net C assimilation(increased by 1.83%) and transpiration rates(increased by 48.3%);however, Si influenced neither plant growth nor grain yield of rice. These results are explained by the lack of biotic or abiotic stress in rice plants during the experiment. To the best of our knowledge, in Brazilian agriculture, this is the first report on the use of nanosilica as a Si fertilizer and its effect on plant nutrition. This study provides evidence that rice plants absorb and accumulate nanoparticles;however, further studies are required to investigate the use of nanoparticles in other plant species.     

不同C:N条件下一株溶藻弧菌对不同种类氮源的吸收特性

在不同C:N(5、10、15、20)条件下研究了一株溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)Z5对单一氮源(有机氮源、NH₄-N、NO₂-N)及混合氮源(有机氮源与NH₄-N、有机氮源与NO₂-N、NH₄-N与NO₂-N)的吸收利用特性及蛋白酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)等3种氮代谢相关酶的活力响应。研究结果表明, 溶藻弧菌Z5对有机氮与无机氮的吸收均受到环境中碳含量的影响, 在C:N=20时, 对NH₄-N和NO₂-N的吸收率分别是C:N=5时吸收率的3.39倍和2.25倍。在C:N=15和C:N=20的水平下, 溶藻弧菌Z5对NH₄-N和NO₂-N的吸收均没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。溶藻弧菌(Z5)吸收利用NH₄-N和NO₂-N的途径分别为NH₄-N→细菌菌体蛋白和NO₂-N→NH₄-N→细菌菌体蛋白。在高C:N条件下, 溶藻弧菌Z5对无机氮源(NH₄-N和NO₂-N)的吸收增强, 细菌菌体蛋白中来自NH₄-N和NO₂-N的量分别由C:N=5时的25.0%和19.4%上升到C:N=20时的41.3%和43.0%。GS酶活力受NH₄-N调控明显, 相比之下, 蛋白酶和NiR酶受氮源种类调控不明显。

     

基于EnKF-3DVar模型的海淀区地表温度模拟

以城市化程度较深的北京市海淀区为研究区,基于2005年、2010年和2015年的遥感影像数据,利用基于影像(IB)的算法反演城市地表温度空间分布。将数据同化算法EnKF-3DVar与CA/Markov模型集成,将海淀区的多年平均臭氧浓度空间分布数据同化进行城市地表温度的模拟预测。结果表明海淀区的城市地表温度10年间呈现先下降后上升的趋势,但总体呈现下降趋势,其中2015年的平均温度为31.139 3℃。引入EnKF-3DVar的预测模型能够显著提升模型的模拟精度,所预测的2015年的数据结果 Kappa系数达到0.821 6。在有城市公园绿地的模式下,地表温度高值区呈现缓解趋势,在无城市绿地公园的模式下,城市地表温度高值区呈现出明显的扩张趋势,最高温度达到了56.142 3℃,城市生态绿地对于城市地表温度的空间分布影响巨大,合理布局城市绿地公园意义重大。     

饵料种类、温度和规格对硬壳蛤的同化率的影响

试验结果表明,温度和规格对硬壳蛤同化率的影响不显著(P>0.05);饵料种类对硬壳蛤同化率影响显著(P<0.05).其中小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻的同化率显著高于小新月菱形藻(P<0.05),而小新月菱形藻又显著高于扁藻(P<0.05).     

Ability of chromosome 4H to compensate for 4D in response to drought stress in a newly developed and identified wheat–barley 4H(4D) disomic substitution line

A spontaneously developed wheat–barley 4H(4D) disomic substitution line was identified cytogenetically using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), multicolour fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and microsatellite markers. The ability of the barley 4H chromosome to compensate for wheat 4D in response to mild drought stress was also investigated. In the barley cv. 'Betzes' and the 4H(4D) substitution line, mild osmotic stress induced intensive stomatal closure, resulting in reduced water loss through transpiration and unchanged relative water content in the leaves. As the CO₂ assimilation rate remained relatively high, the water use efficiency, which is an important factor associated with drought tolerance, increased extensively under mild osmotic stress in these lines. In the case of the parental wheat genotypes, however, mild drought stress induced less intense stomatal closure and a greater decrease in the CO₂ assimilation rate than in barley or in the substitution line, resulting in unaugmented or reduced water use efficiency. The results demonstrate that genes localised on the 4H chromosome of barley were able to increase the water use efficiency of the wheat substitution line, which is suitable for improving wheat drought tolerance through intergeneric crossing.     

基于双变量同化和交叉小波变换的冬小麦单产估测

为进一步提高陕西省关中平原冬小麦产量估测的精度,利用集合卡尔曼滤波算法(EnKF)将CERES-Wheat模型模拟的0～20 cm土壤含水率和叶面积指数(LAI)与遥感观测的条件植被温度指数(VTCI)和LAI进行同化,同时利用交叉小波变换分析冬小麦各生育时期同化VTCI和LAI与产量之间的共振周期,通过计算小波互相关度获得各生育时期同化VTCI和LAI的权重,进而构建基于加权VTCI和LAI的冬小麦单产估测模型。结果表明,在样点尺度,经过EnKF同化的VTCI和LAI能够综合表达模型模拟值和遥感观测值的变化趋势;在区域尺度,无论是否同化,经过交叉小波变换的各生育时期VTCI和LAI分别与产量之间存在特定的共振周期,同时发现,同化有助于对关键生育时期的特征提取;相较于未同化构建的估产模型,经过同化构建的估产模型的归一化均方根误差为13.23%,决定系数为0.50,平均相对误差为10.58%,精度略有提升,且估测产量的分布与统计产量的分布更为一致,因此认为将同化与交叉小波相结合构建的双变量单产估测模型精度更高,可为进一步实现高精度的区域产量估测提供研究基础。     

Silicon effects on aluminum toxicity to mungbean seedling growth

The effects of silicon (Si) on the toxicity of aluminum (Al) to mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) seedlings were studied in a growth chamber. Mungbean seedlings were grown in a nutrient solution with combinations of three concentrations of Si (0,1, and 10 mM) and three concentrations of Al (0, 2, and 5 mM) in randomized completely block design experiments for 16 days. Silicon at 1 mM in the solution decreased root length, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll content, and showed no significant effect on epicotyl length and seedling height, and protein contents of shoots or roots in mungbean seedling under no Al stress. But, Si at 10 mM showed marked toxic effects on mungbean seedling growth and increased protein contents of the shoots or roots. In contrast, under 2 mM Al stress, Si addition at 1 mM had significant increasing effect on root length, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll content. It also had decreasing effect on protein contents of the shoots or roots, and had no effect on epicotyl length and seedling height. Silicon addition at 10 mM showed no effect on morphological and physiological measurements of mungbean seedling. However, Si at 1 mM added to solution only increased seedling height, epicotyl length, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content, but decreased dry weight and protein content of the roots under 5 mM Al stress, significantly. Silicon addition at 10 mM showed similar toxic effects on mungbean seedling growth under 5 mM Al stress to that under no Al stress.     

模拟氮沉降对两种草地植物氮同化物积累的影响

为了揭示大气氮沉降对栽培草地植物氮同化物积累的影响,本试验以无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）和白三叶（Trifolium repens）为对象,通过人工增氮试验（浓度设置为0、6、12和24 g N·m-2·a-1）来研究豆科和禾本科牧草的氮同化物积累的变化规律。结果表明,在不同氮浓度处理下,叶绿素、叶全氮、可溶性蛋白、精氨酸和脯氨酸等氮同化物含量变化极显著（P<0.01）,在氮沉降浓度为12 g N·m-2·a-1范围内随氮沉降浓度增加而呈增加趋势（除脯氨酸含量）,但是两种牧草氮同化物的积累量差异较大,氮沉降对禾本科牧草的氮同化物积累的影响高于豆科牧草。精氨酸含量与氮沉降浓度间存在极显著正相关（R2均达到0.99）,因此,精氨酸可作为草本植物对氮沉降增加的敏感指标。