福建省主要蔬菜氮磷钾营养特性及其施肥指标体系研究Ⅱ.主要蔬菜氮磷钾施肥效应及其土壤养分丰缺指标

采用田间试验研究福建主要蔬菜氮磷钾施肥效应,建立菜田速效氮磷钾丰缺指标.根据148个试验的空白区产量水平,将土壤肥力分为“高”、“中”和“低”3个等级.结果表明,土壤肥力对蔬菜产量贡献率为(50.9士12.8)％,随土壤肥力等级的降低而明显下降;空白区产量与平衡施肥产量之间存在显著的线性关系.肥效试验结果表明,叶菜类、...     

连续过量施磷和有机肥的产量效应及环境风险评价

通过5年田间肥料定位试验,研究连续过量施用磷肥和有机肥在蔬菜上的产量效应,土壤积累磷在0—5, 0—10, 10—20, 20—80 cm土层的分布特点及农田积累磷的流失风险评价。结果表明,P2O5用量为180～360 kg/hm2,大白菜、伏白菜、辣椒、豆角的产量分别平均增加21.5%、39.5%、71.6%、50.0%;有机肥用量为150～300 t/hm2,4种蔬菜产量分别平均增加23.8%、26.7%、62.6%、80.0%,差异均达到显著和极显著水平。土壤Olsen-P 在蔬菜上的产量效应符合一元二次式。连续5年施用磷肥和有机肥,0—60 cm土壤各形态磷均显著积累;20—40、40—60、60—80 cm土壤Olsen-P分别相当于0—20 cm Olsen-P 的35.7%、11.8%、7.1%;0—20 cm 土壤Olsen-P分别相当于0—5、0—10 cm Olsen-P的 88.1%、84.0%。0—20 cm土壤Olsen-P与CaCl2-P、NaOH-P、灌溉滞留水中的可溶磷及农田磷流失风险势（P-index ）均呈显著正相关关系。石灰性土壤Olsen-P可作为评价农田磷生产力和环境风险评价的指标。     

Threshold of Soil Olsen-P in Greenhouses for Tomatoes and Cucumbers

Phosphorus (P) accumulation is a common phenomenon in greenhouse soil for vegetables. Excessive P accumulation in soil usually decreases the yield and quality of vegetables as well as potentially polluting water environments. Ninety-eight tomato and 48 cucumber greenhouses were investigated in the eight main vegetable production areas of Hebei Province, China. Soil Olsen-P, the electrical conductivity (EC), the pH value, the organic matter of the soil, and the cropping years of these greenhouses were investigated and analyzed in order to better understand the status of soil P accumulation and positively find effective ways to solve the excessive phosphate accumulation problem. The investigation showed that the ratio was above 70% for all of the greenhouses where the soil Olsen-P exceeded 90 mg·kg^?1 (upper bound of soil Olsen-P optimum value in greenhouse) in the 0–20 cm surface soil in the investigated greenhouses. There was a significant positive correlation between the soil Olsen-P content and the soil EC, between the soil Olsen-P and the cropping years, and the Olsen-P had a significant negative correlation with the soil pH value. It is concluded that supplying phosphate fertilizer excessively induced the soil EC to ascend and the pH value to descend, which increases the possibility of the soil secondary salinization and soil degeneration. The significant positive correlation between the soil organic content and the soil Olsen-P contents suggests that supplying organic fertilizer might mobilize soil residual phosphate. This also provides a good way to solve the problem of soil P accumulation. In order to further explore the threshold content of soil Olsen-P demanded by tomato and cucumber under the high soil Olsen-P condition, two tomato greenhouses (T1, T2) in Dingzhou and two cucumber greenhouses (C1, C2) in Wuqiang were researched. All of the greenhouses had ranges of soil Olsen-P content that were between 150 and 300 mg·kg^?1, which far exceeded the 90 mg·kg^?1 ideal. The P fertilizer application rates showed positive correlations with the soil Olsen-P contents and EC values in cucumber and tomato greenhouses in the current season. Analyzing T1 and T2 results showed that tomato was sensitive to the high soil Olsen-P contents ranging from 230.64 to 729.42 mg kg^?1 at the seedling stage (15 days after transplanting; DAT) and from 199.41 to 531.42 mg kg^?1 at the fruiting stage (90 DAT), because the yields correlated negatively with soil Olsen-P contents at each growth stage. It is suggested that the maximum soil Olsen-P threshold content for tomato should be lower than 230 mg·kg^?1 at the seedling stage and lower than 199 mg·kg^?1 at the fruiting stage. But cucumber yield did not change significantly as soil Olsen-P content rose from 248.75 to 927.62 mg kg^?1, 212.40 to 554.07 mg kg^?1, 184.48 to 455.90 mg kg^?1, and 128.42 to 400.96 mg kg^?1 at the seedling stage (15 DAT), early fruiting stage (50 DAT), middle fruiting stage (140 DAT), and late fruiting stage (235 DAT), respectively, suggesting that the maximal soil Olsen-P threshold content was lower than 249, 212, 185, and 128 mg·kg^?1 at each growth stage, respectively. The relationship between fruit qualities and soil Olsen-P contents at each growth stage was not evident. Activities of soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased as soil Olsen-P supply was raised in T1, T2, and C1 at the seedling stage. It is concluded that in an excess soil Olsen-P condition tomato yield decreases strongly as soil ALP activity decreases, whereas ALP activity has little direct effect on cucumber yield.     

种植年限对设施菜田土壤剖面磷素累积特征的影响

以山东寿光集约化设施菜田为研究对象,分析了不同种植年限设施菜田土壤磷素投入和土壤磷素累积的差异,比较不同种植年限土壤剖面中无机磷、有机磷、Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量的变化特征。结果表明：磷素过量积累是设施菜田的显著特征,主要由于有机肥以粪肥投入为主,复合肥中P素比例偏高,收获作物带走量仅占磷素投入的7.2%;随着种植年限增加,P素累积现象明显,过量的磷素盈余导致了土壤剖面中不同形态磷含量的上升,其中以无机磷尤其明显;用来表征土壤有效磷指标的Olsen-P与CaCl2-P有显著的相关性,研究区域中当土壤（Olsen-P）达到80.7mg·kg-1时,土壤CaCl2-P开始显著升高,增大了设施菜田磷素淋溶风险。     

福建菜田氮磷积累状况及其淋失潜力研究

本文通过采集460个福建菜田代表性耕层土样,采用土壤测试和土柱渗漏水模拟试验的方法研究菜田土壤硝态氮和Olsen P含量状况和淋失临界指标及其淋失潜力。结果表明,耕层土壤硝态氮含量为47.455.5 mg/kg,Olsen-P含量则为61.743.2 mg/kg, 其中瓜果类蔬菜种植地土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量明显高于叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜种植地。 应用双速率转折点建模法,得到氮、 磷淋失临界指标X0分别为土壤硝态氮76.3 mg/kg和Olsen-P 42.8 mg/kg。 淋失临界值相当于或略高于满足蔬菜营养的农学指标。当土壤硝态氮或Olsen-P含量低于X0时,随着其含量增加,渗漏水硝态氮或总磷浓度以线性方式缓慢增加,反之,则以非线性形式急剧增大。土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量高于其X0的土样数分别占17.9%和81.3%, 表明这些样点具有较高的氮、 磷淋失潜力,是氮、 磷污染控制的关键地块。 瓜果类菜田土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量高于其X0的土样数分别占到32.3%和96.3%,淋失潜力明显高于叶菜类和根茎类菜田,是氮、 磷污染控制的优先区域。     

长期不同施肥模式下碱性土有效磷对磷盈亏的响应

  【目的】   磷素易于在土壤中固定,碱性土壤更甚,影响着磷肥的肥效和利用效率。研究长期施用磷肥对我国北方碱性土有效磷与磷盈亏的影响,为碱性土地区合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。   【方法】   本研究是基于河北、北京、山东、天津、河南和山西的6个冬小麦?夏玉米轮作长期定位施肥试验,试验周期为1991—2011年。所有定位施肥试验均设有不施磷肥 (P0)、单施化学磷肥 (P)、化肥配施秸秆 (P+S)、单施有机肥 (M)、化肥配施有机肥 (P+M) 5个处理,施磷方式和施磷量不同。分析了土壤有效磷、作物产量、有机质、pH随时间的变化特征,计算了土壤有效磷含量与作物产量、土壤磷盈亏、磷肥利用率的关系,用冗余分析得出每100 kg/hm2磷盈余下土壤有效磷变量 (有效磷效率) 的主要影响因素。   【结果】   P0处理土壤磷亏缺为?357.73～?28.21 kg/hm2,有效磷含量随种植时间延长下降,下降速率为0.14 mg/(kg·year),此处理下作物产量较低,小麦低于 2000 kg/hm2,玉米低于4000 kg/hm2。4个施磷肥处理 (P, P+S, M, P+M) 土壤磷表现为盈余,21年连续施肥磷总盈余为23.65～860.93 kg/hm2,磷盈余量顺序为P+M > P > P+S > M。土壤有效磷含量随种植时间延长上升,年平均上升速率为 P+M [4.85 mg/(kg·year)] > M [1.87 mg/(kg·year)] > P+S [0.65 mg/(kg·year)] > P [0.63 mg/(kg·year)]。施用磷肥的小麦产量为3399～7880 kg/hm2,4个施磷肥处理间差异不明显;玉米产量为 4186～9176 kg/hm2,以P+M处理玉米产量最高,P处理最低。土壤有效磷含量与作物产量的关系可以用Mitscherlich方程模拟 (P < 0.01),小麦和玉米产量随土壤有效磷含量升高而增加,在土壤有效磷含量分别达到22.47和20.68 mg/kg后不再增加。小麦P+S处理的磷肥利用率最高,21年均值为16.17%;玉米以M处理的磷肥利用率最高,21年均值为16.45%。小麦和玉米磷肥利用率均随土壤有效磷含量的升高而上升,以P+S处理上升最快,P+M处理上升最慢。5个处理土壤有效磷含量与磷盈亏均呈现极显著 (P < 0.01) 正相关关系。土壤每亏缺P 100 kg/hm2,土壤有效磷下降0.90 mg/kg;每盈余P 100 kg/hm2,土壤有效磷含量的增量为M (22.10 mg/kg) > P+M (10.60 mg/kg) > P+S (3.90 mg/kg) >P (2.60 mg/kg)。通过冗余分析发现,土壤有机质能解释土壤有效磷效率变异的85.0%,是土壤有效磷效率的主要影响因素。   【结论】   碱性土壤上小麦和玉米的磷肥利用率随土壤有效磷含量的增加而提高,长期化肥配施秸秆提高作物磷肥利用率的效果最佳。土壤有机质是提升土壤累积磷有效性的最主要因素,因此,长期单施有机肥或者化肥配施有机肥的土壤有效磷效率较高。长期化肥配施有机肥的潮土有效磷含量较高,容易造成磷在土壤中的淋洗和固定,需减少磷肥总施用量并适当提高有机肥的比例,从而达到农学效益和环境效益的双赢。     

基因组学在作物抗逆性研究中的新进展

自然环境中各种生物和非生物胁迫是影响作物产量的巨大威胁。随着现代分子生物学的发展,从分子水平研究作物抵御逆境的机理已成为生态农业研究的一个重要任务,分子遗传学与生态学的整合诞生了生态基因组学即用基因组学的技术和手段研究生态学领域的问题。基因组学按其研究内容分为功能基因组学、结构基因组学和比较基因组学,本文从这3方面分别阐述了作物抵抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的生态基因组学研究进展,总结了基因组学在植物抗逆性研究中的一些新技术和新手段,特别是基于近几年发展起来的二代深度测序所带来的一系列高通量的检测方法与结果。①功能基因组学包含转录组学、表观遗传学、蛋白组学、相互作用组学、代谢组学和表型组学,本文侧重从植物抗逆的功能基因表达水平上的研究展开,重点探讨了转录组学和表观遗传学在植物抗逆研究的新进展,介绍了一些转录组学和表观遗传学研究技术,如基因芯片技术、RNA测序技术、SAGE、cDNA-AFLP、SSH、亚硫酸盐法、ChIP-Chip、ChIP-seq等;例举了一些转录因子基因家族在植物抗逆反应中的作用,总结其作用共性,结果表明不少抗逆基因受到胁迫后基因转录激活上有一定相关性,大多受激素信号转导途径所调控,很多抗逆途径最终都涉及到ABA信号传导通路并与衰老相关;植物的抗逆性受多个信号通路调控,对同一逆境响应常常需要不同的转录因子共同参与,而同一转录因子也有可能参与2个以上的不同抗逆反应;表观遗传学则指在不改变基因序列前提下,对DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白翻译后修饰及小RNA介导的信号传导等,有证据表明其存在遗传印记作用。②结构基因组学主要利用QTL定位和DNA测序技术,确定植物基因组的遗传图谱和物理图谱,二代深度测序平台的建立使许多植物的全基因组测序成为可能。迄今为止,已有超过40种植物完成全基因组测序,越来越多的植物全基因组计划正在实施中或预计实施。③比较基因组学是基于功能基因组学和结构基因组学进而比较不同物种或不同群体间的基因组差异和相关性的研究,可分析逆境响应相关基因在进化过程中及在地理位置分布中的作用和意义,也同时为QTL定位及功能基因组学研究提供丰富信息。此外,还简要介绍并列举了一些网络共享作物抗逆的生物信息资源数据库。虽然基因组学在如何正确处理海量数据等问题上还存在瓶颈,但它提供的大量作物抗逆方面的基因组信息已为植物抗逆研究提供了众多线索与依据,为今后改良作物抗逆性的遗传育种工作带来了新启示。     

Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus (P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood.  In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons (2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high (30.36 mg kg^–1) and low (9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize (Pwm) along with a reduced P fertilizer application only to wheat (Pw).  The microbial community structure along with soil P availability parameters and crop yield were determined.  The results showed that the Pw treatment reduces the annual P input by 33.3% without affecting the total yield for at least two consecutive years as compared with the Pwm treatment in the high Olsen-P soil.  Soil water-soluble P concentrations in the Pw treatment were similar to those in the Pwm treatment at the 12-leaf collar stage when maize requires the most P.  Furthermore, the soil P content significantly affected soil microbial communities, especially fungal communities.  Meanwhile, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of Pw were significantly higher (by 11.4 and 13.3%) than those of Pwm in soil with high Olsen-P.  The microfloral contribution to yield was greater than that of soil P content in soil with high Olsen-P.  Relative abundances of Bacillus and Rhizobium were enriched in the Pw treatment compared with the Pwm treatment.  Bacillus showed a significant positive correlation with acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, and Rhizobium displayed significant positive correlations with ACP and ALP in soil with high Olsen-P, which may enhance P availability.  Our findings suggested that the application of P fertilization only to wheat is practical in high P soils to ensure optimal production in the wheat and maize double cropping system and that the soil P availability and microbial community may collaborate to maintain optimal yield in a wheat–maize double cropping system.     

低分子量有机酸类物质对红壤和黑土磷有效性的影响

在20℃恒温培养条件下,研究低分子量有机酸类的钠钙盐(LA)和低分子量有机酸类与混合氨基酸的钠钙盐(LAA)不同用量水平对红壤和黑土磷有效性的影响。研究表明,两种低分子量有机酸类混合物在各不同水平下均能显著提高红壤和黑土磷有效性;随着培养的进行,添加有LA、LAA的各处理对红壤和黑土中磷有效性均有明显提高。无论是LA或LAA,红壤中以半量处理对提高磷有效性作用效果更为明显,而黑土中则以LAA作用效果更好,且以常量LAA处理的效果最好,常量LA和LAA处理间差异显著。在添加磷肥的基础上,与不加有机酸物质处理(CKp)相比,添加常量LA、LAA和半量LA(0.5 LA)、LAA(0.5 LAA)处理,在红壤中磷固定率平均值分别降低10.5%、22.3%和11.3%、19.4%;在黑土中分别降低8.6%、10.6%和14.1%、11.8%。LA和LAA对降低红壤和黑土磷固定率效果显著,红壤以半量处理的效果较好,黑土则以常量LAA处理效果最好。     

山东省典型褐土的磷素淋溶特征及风险评价

为阐明褐土磷素在山东降雨条件下对水体富营养化的风险及其淋溶特点,采取了室内连续淋洗和模拟降雨淋洗的方法对山东省典型褐土的磷素淋溶特征进行了研究。结果表明,水溶性磷的淋失量随供磷水平的提高而增加;不同施磷量处理的淋洗峰值出现时间存在着明显差异,P7、P6及其它施磷处理的淋洗最大峰值分别出现在第3、4、5天;土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)、水溶性磷淋失量以及施磷量之间存在着明显的正相关关系;褐土中的速效磷能够随水发生垂直迁移,一年的降雨强度能使其向下迁移15cm左右;速效磷可以作为施磷量的一个重要指示指标。对于大多数农作物生产来说,在较低的施磷水平下（180kg/hm2以下）,土壤速效磷含量均保持在20μg/g左右,既能满足作物高产的需要,又不会对水体产生危害。总之,控制施磷水平在180kg/hm2以下,可以做到高产与环境兼顾。