A simple method for estimating potential relative radiation (PRR) for landscape-scale vegetation analysis

Radiation is one of the primary influences on vegetation composition and spatial pattern. Topographic orientation is often used as a proxy for relative radiation load due to its effects on evaporative demand and local temperature. Common methods for incorporating this information (i.e., site measures of slope and aspect) fail to include daily or annual changes in solar orientation and shading effects from local topography. As a result, these static measures do not incorporate the level of spatial and temporal heterogeneity required to examine vegetation patterns at the landscape level. We developed a widely applicable method for estimating potential relative radiation (PRR) using digital elevation data and a widely used geographic information system (Arc/Info). We found significant differences among four increasingly comprehensive radiation proxies. Our GIS-based proxy compared well with estimates from more data-intensive and computationally rigorous radiation models. We note that several recent studies have not found strong correlations between vegetation pattern and landscape-scale differences in radiation. We suggest that these findings may be due to the use of proxies that were not accurately capturing variability in radiation, and we recommend PRR or similar measures for use in future vegetation analyses.     

GIS技术在林地资源调查中的应用

以江浦县为例，介绍了利用DEM数据借助于地理信息系统（ArcView）软件自动提取的坡度和坡向信息，并分别与本区的土地利用类型栅格图叠合分析，完成了本区的三类主要林地在不同坡度级和不同坡向的面积统计。     

DEM提取坡度·坡向算法的对比研究

以1∶1万地形图数字化所生成的DEM为研究对象,采用6种算法分别提取坡度、坡向。通过比较不同算法所提取坡度的平均值、最大值、标准差、中误差以及坡向的标准差、变异系数、坡向余弦中误差及标准差、不同坡向面积数据,定量地分析中误差与地形变化的关系,找到研究区较合理的坡度、坡向的提取算法,进一步分析不同水平分辨率DEM所提取的坡度、坡向的面积误差变化规律。运用面积百分比加权总体误差和面积百分比平均总体误差的指标,获取2项指标与水平分辨率的线性函数关系,为实际工作选取适宜的水平分辨率提供依据。     

陇南山区黄瑞香天然种群实生苗更新研究

本研究以陇南山区黄瑞香（Daphne giraldii）天然种群为研究对象，分析了半阳坡和半阴坡生境下黄瑞香天然种群种子幼苗转化率，实生苗年龄结构和数量，生长状况，干物质积累与分配，并对影响黄瑞香实生苗生长发育的环境因子、生境因子进行了相关性分析。结果表明：半阳坡和半阴坡黄瑞香种子幼苗转化率均较低，且实生苗密度均随苗龄的增长而减小；黄瑞香实生苗各生长指标在后期生长中表现为半阳坡>半阴坡，叶面积和主根长则相反；两个生境黄瑞香实生苗干质量积累随苗龄增长而增加，且半阳坡>半阴坡；实生苗冠幅、高度和根茎干重与总盖度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、海拔呈负相关关系，与土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈正相关关系。土壤条件和总盖度是影响黄瑞香实生苗更新的主要因子，半阳坡生境更有利于黄瑞香实生苗的生长发育。     

Digital image analysis of cross-sectional tracheid shapes in Japanese softwoods using the circularity index and aspect ratio

Image analysis was used in this study to develop a faster, more objective method for quantitatively measuring tracheid shapes on cross section. The morphological features were measured automatically using the circularity index and aspect ratio based on the skeletonized images. The rectangular and hexagonal similarities were introduced to evaluate the tracheid shapes. The results for 18 species of Japanese softwoods showed that the difference in tracheid shapes among the species could be successfully estimated using the quantitative method. In addition, the boundary of latewood might be evaluated based on the change in circularity indexes.The abstract of this study was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 1998     

不同海拔高度及坡向毛竹主要物理力学性质的差异

为了合理开发及高效科学加工利用竹材资源,对不同海拔高度及坡向毛竹主要物理力学性质的差异进行了研究。结果表明:在不同海拔高度与坡向上生长的毛竹,其基本密度、气干密度都随自身轴向高度的增加而增加;东北坡向山顶毛竹和西南坡向山脚毛竹的基本密度分别为0.715、0.720 g.cm-3,气干密度分别为0.827、0.835 g.cm-3;东北坡向山顶毛竹和西南坡向山脚毛竹顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量分别为59.840、56.206 MPa,196.293、179.918 MPa和11934.07、11244.71 MPa,东北坡向山顶毛竹此3项指标分别比西南坡向山脚毛竹高出6.5%、9.1%和6.1%,在0.05水平上经T-检验差异均显著。     

平面立体轴测形态图计算理论和方法

以平面立体的投影图中出现的奇异性为基础 ,论述了平面立体所有视觉事件类型及其对应的投影空间的划分 ,指出平面立体的投影空间划分的关键是立体上两个不在同一多边形面上的顶点和棱线以及每三条空间相互交叉的棱线之间发生的奇异性 ,分析了三种类型分割平 (曲 )面 ,给出了平面立体形态图和特征视图的求解方法 ,并用实例进行了计算     

农业种植区数值预报系统设计与实现

数值模式产品一直是天气分析和预报的重要参考,当前数值模式的应用主要还是在中短期天气预测上,针对某一行业气象服务的应用还少,本文所介绍的农业种植区数值预报系统即是针对具体行业的应用,该系统应用先进的Web应用技术,把种植区的数值预报产品通过多种发布渠道向农业部门提供气象信息服务,文中详细介绍了如何应用JEE技术来构建系统,并介绍了数值模式的资料获取和执行流程。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤储水量年变异特征

通过测定飞马河流域阴坡、阳坡、半阴半阳坡、川地不同部位0～180 cm的土壤储水量,分析了土壤储水量的变异特征.结果表明:坡位、坡向不同,土壤储水量差异很大,阴坡沿坡长方向土壤储水量平均增速6.01 mm/m,阳坡沿坡长方向土壤储水量平均增速0.71mm/m;在坡地上修建了水平阶后,沿坡长方向土壤储水量趋于均匀;土壤储水量年变化分为3个阶段,即2～7月土壤储水量变化缓慢.7～9月土壤储水量急剧变化,9～12月土壤储水量变化又趋于缓慢;不同土地利用类型土壤储水量差异明显,随着土层深度的增加土壤储水量变化幅度不断减小.     

Floristiese verskille tussen ekotope in die Potchefstroom distrik

Floristic differences between eeotopes in the Potchefstroom area. Eeotopes are generally used, in the Highveld Region, as a basis for the division of camps when planning a farm. The possible floristic differences which support this ecological approach, as well as the factors which could possibly cause these differences, were investigated. This study showed that eeotopes differ significantly in species composition and that they should be fenced off and managed separately. The abiotic factors which have the greatest influence in a specific ecotope are aspect, clay percentage and soil depth.