聚乙烯醇共混改性膜作为农药种衣剂成膜剂的性能研究

以水溶性聚合物聚乙烯醇(PVA)和水不溶性聚合物乙酸乙烯-乙烯共聚物(VAE)乳液为原料,采用溶液共混法制备了PVA-VAE共混膜,为农药成膜剂的制备开辟了新途径。红外光谱、透射电镜、激光粒度仪测试结果显示,PVA溶液中的胶束被打开,体系的比表面积急剧增大,两相间的界面消失,说明共混体系分子间具有良好的相容性;透水性与耐水性测定结果表明,PVA-VAE的质量比为80∶ 20、70∶ 30、60∶ 40时其共混膜的性能适用于农药种衣剂的成膜剂;种子发芽试验显示,与单独使用PVA膜相比,引入适当比例VAE后的共混膜用于种子包衣,其耐水性显著提高,渗水率适宜,对种子发芽无明显影响。     

玛河流域石河子绿洲农业生态系统整体功能对比分析

本研究以新疆玛河流域石河子绿洲为例,采用三维立体容积法衡量其农业生态系统整体功能状况,并与新疆、全国进行对比分析,结果表明:石河子、新疆、全国农业系统综合效益分别为2.06、1、2.87。石河子绿洲虽然在资源开发维上有一定优势,但在生产功能维、经济增值维方面均处于劣势,而只有三维之间协同作用才能创造最佳的总体功能。今后该区域应该立足资源优势,在结构调整及经济转化方面得以加强。     

Modulation of sodium channels by the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

The effects of the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite (DCJW) on tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) voltage-gated sodium channels in rat dorsal ganglion neurons were studied using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed the peak amplitude of action potentials, and DCJW exhibited a faster time course and higher potency than indoxacarb in the blocking effects. In voltage-clamp experiments, indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed TTX-R sodium currents in a time-dependent manner without a steady-state level of suppression. IC50 values for indoxacarb and DCJW on TTX-R sodium currents were estimated to be 10.7 and 0.8 microM after 25 min of bath application, respectively. DCJW was about 10 times more potent than indoxacarb in blocking TTX-R sodium currents. Although the suppressive effects of indoxacarb were partially reversible after washout with drug-free external solution, no recovery of sodium current was observed in DCJW treated neurons after prolonged washout. In current-voltage relationships, both indoxacarb and DCJW blocked the sodium currents to the same degree in the entire range of membrane potentials. The sodium conductance-voltage curve was not shifted along the voltage axis by indoxacarb and DCJW at 10 microM. In contrast, the steady-state inactivation curves were shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction by indoxacarb as well as by DCJW. Based on these results, it was concluded that indoxacarb and DCJW potently blocked the TTX-R sodium channel in rat DRG neurons with hyperpolarizing shifts of the steady-state inactivation curves, suggesting preferential association of the insecticides to the inactivated state of sodium channels. The small structural variation between indoxacarb and DCJW resulted in clear differences in potency for blocking sodium channels and reversibility after washout.     

Comparison of whole blood and plasma potassium concentrations in dogs using the Reflovet system

Background: The Reflovet system is designed for chemical analysis of whole blood. However, plasma or serum is recommended for potassium analysis because of possible interference from RBC potassium. Because RBC potassium concentration is low in most canine erythrocytes, however, there should be little or no interference.
Objective: The objective of this study was to compare potassium results obtained in whole blood and in plasma from dogs using the Reflovet system.
Methods: Blood samples were collected from 104 dogs into lithium-heparin tubes. The potassium concentration was measured in whole blood, and subsequently the PCV was measured. Samples were centrifuged and the potassium concentration was measured in plasma. Comparisons were made using Deming's regression and Bland-Altman difference plots.
Results: There was very good correlation between results of potassium measurements in whole blood and plasma ( r = 0.93). Potassium values were moderately lower in whole blood: Potassium_blood= 0.912 × Potassium _plasma+ 0.119. Hemolysis had a negligible effect on the results, but the difference increased with the PCV value. In more than 90% of samples, the difference between the 2 measurements was ≤ 0.3 mmol/L.
Conclusion: There is only a negligible difference in most cases between potassium values in canine plasma and whole blood using the Reflovet system.     

Use of whole blood for spectrophotometric determination of cholinesterase activity in dogs

Whole blood has been compared with erythrocytes and plasma for spectrophotometric cholinesterase determination in the dog. Cholinesterase activity was characterized using two substrates: acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine. Acetylcholinesterase was the only form of cholinesterase present on erythrocytes and hydrolysed only acetylthiocholine. Butyrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) was predominant in plasma, hydrolysing mainly butyrylthiocholine. Based on these results, a method based on the use of two substrates (acetylthiocholine for monitoring acetylcholinesterase and butyrylthiocholine for determining butyrylcholinesterase) in the same whole blood sample is recommended for canine cholinesterase analysis. This way of monitoring both enzymes can be easily automated, yielding good within (CVs < 5%) and between-run (CVs < 7%) precision.     

冀西北坝上地区萝卜地膜覆盖节水栽培技术研究

采用小区试验的方法研究地膜覆盖平作和高畦作方式下萝卜产量、水分利用效率、干物质、可溶性糖和蛋白质积累。结果表明,无论平作还是高畦作,地膜覆盖不浇水处理在各个指标方面都高于各自对照;同时,高畦作地膜覆盖不浇水处理达到了节水、高产且萝卜肉质根品质不下降的目的。     

多因素控制下渭北旱地小麦产量寻优的研究

在陕西渭北旱塬进行了连续三年定点小麦田间试验,通过栽培模式、氮肥水平、种植密度三因素的不同处理,研究多因素小麦栽培优化组合.结果表明:采用垄沟、覆膜、秸杆覆盖栽培模式对小麦穗数不产生影响;施用氮肥能极显著地影响小麦穗数,在施纯氮0～240 kg/hm2范围内,每增减纯氮1 kg,增减穗数4 288;增加播量,极明显地提高小麦穗数;不同的栽培模式、氮肥用量和小麦种植密度对小麦的穗粒数不产生影响;覆膜栽培与垄沟栽培之间千粒重差异显著,种植密度对小麦千粒重在不同的条件下影响明显,覆膜栽培条件下,高氮肥水平,低密度(播种量180 kg/hm2)的千粒重大于高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2),垄沟模式下,高氮水平(施纯氮240 kg/hm2)与中氮水平(施纯氮120 kg/hm2)之间差异不显著,但与不施氮肥相比,千粒重明显提高,秸秆覆盖模式下,高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2)与不施氮、高氮水平组合的平均千粒重最低,两者差异不显著,但与其它各组合差异显著.正常降水年份,旱地小麦采用一定的农业栽培模式,能够显著影响小麦的产量,尤其是覆膜下,产量显著高于对照;降水量多的年份,采用垄沟模式及秸秆覆盖模式对小麦产量甚至产生负效应.施用氮肥对小麦产量有极显著影响,在施纯氮0～240 kg/hm2范围内,每增减纯氮1 kg,增减籽粒产量5.7 kg;种植密度对小麦籽粒产量与生物产量的影响显著,秸秆覆盖栽培和常规栽培(对照)模式下籽粒产量差异显著,产量排列次序都为高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2)大于低密度(播种量180 kg/hm2),低氮和不施氮时,增加密度,可提高产量.     

不同水分状况下秸秆覆盖量对玉米根、冠生长的影响

在遮雨棚控水条件下,采用盆栽的方式研究了不同秸秆覆盖量对玉米根、冠生长的影响.试验按对照(CK)和秸秆覆盖量0.3 kg/m2(SM0.3)、0.6 kg/m2(SM0.6)、0.9 kg/m2(SM0.9)、1.2 kg/m2.(SM1.2)共设5个处理,水分按高水(占田间持水量的90%)和低水(占田间持水量的60%)设两个水平.分别测定了玉米根、茎、叶、穗干重,根系垂直空间分布及叶片叶绿素相对含量等指标.结果表明:秸秆覆盖明显改变了玉米根系和地上部分的生长;高水条件下SM0.6处理玉米根系、茎秆、叶和穗干重均高于其它处理;低水条件下,地上部分干重SM1.2最大,SM0.6次之;根系的垂直空间分布与水分和覆盖条件都有密切的关系,覆盖措施主要影响下层根系的生长和发育.     

不同覆盖物对玉米抗旱栽培的效果研究

在绵阳旱区的盐亭县,对夏玉米用不同覆盖物进行抗旱试验,结果表明:地膜覆盖使土壤温度和土壤水分提高,秸秆和壳类覆盖使土壤温度降低和土壤水分提高;覆盖物对玉米产量的增加作用是地膜＞小麦秸秆＞水稻秸秆＞玉米秸秆＞小麦壳＞菜子壳.但从经济效益和生态效益分析,小麦秸秆是最好的玉米抗旱覆盖物.     

新疆棉花生长中期低温冷害指标的初步研究

分析不同棉区严重气候减产年的地膜棉花中期发育进程、气象条件以及夏季(6～8月)冷害年对新疆棉花产量的影响.结果表明:当石河子棉区6月平均气温距平≤-0.5 ℃,阿克苏、喀什棉区5～6月气温持续偏低且月气温距平均≤-0.5 ℃时,棉花的开花日期滞后,其中喀什棉区棉花开花期比常年晚5天以上、石河子棉区和阿克苏棉区晚3天以上,这就出现了一般气候减产年.或当6～8月中至少有2个月的月气温为负距平、且6～8月的平均气温距平在0～-0.4 ℃之间时,3大棉区中近70%的年份可能出现一般气候减产年;而当6～8月的温度距平均为负值,且其平均气温距平≤-0.5 ℃时,3大棉区70%以上的年份可能出现严重的气候减产年.