太子山地区引种彩叶栎类抗涝性分析

2016年7月19日至7月20日太子山境内普降特大暴雨。受其影响,太子山林场管理局与中国林科院亚林所合作引种的彩叶栎类试验林严重受积。为对引种的彩叶栎类抗涝性进行初步分析,以期对今后引种栽植作一些合理化建议,灾后,2016年8月16日对试验林进行了调查,根据调查数据进行方差显著性分析研究。发现彩叶栎类各树种之间抗涝性有极显著差异,与各树种适应性具有极显著相关关系。琴叶栎、松江白栎受涝灾影响最少,最抗涝。沼生栎、美洲白栎抗涝性最差。分析中还发现,叶色受影响与涝灾至死相关性极弱或没有显著关系,有些叶大部发黄以至焦枯,但不致于彻底死亡。在以后引种栽植这些彩叶栎类时应根据栎类抗捞性特点考虑选地适树问题。     

淹水胁迫条件下甘蓝型油菜发芽期耐湿性的配合力分析

【目的】研究甘蓝型油菜发芽期耐湿抗性的遗传机制,为合理选配亲本和选育耐湿品种提供理论依据。【方法】选择6个耐湿性不同的甘蓝型油菜品种配制完全双列杂交组合,在水淹胁迫条件下萌发亲本及F1代种子,测定萌芽种子的相对根长、相对茎长、相对单株鲜重、相对芽苗率、相对电导率和相对活力指数,用GriffingⅠ方法对发芽性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力进行遗传分析。【结果】在30个组合间,各性状的一般配合力方差达到极显著水平,特殊配合力方差除了单位电导率外也达到极显著水平。遗传效应分析表明:相对于其它5个性状,作为最能代表甘蓝型油菜耐湿性的相对活力指数,其狭义遗传率最大,而广义遗传率相对较小。品种中双9号和P79相对活力指数的一般配合力效应最高,具有较大的利用潜力。【结论】分析发芽期相对活力指数的配合力和遗传效应,可以有效地鉴定甘蓝型油菜种子萌发期的耐湿性,为耐湿育种进行早期世代选择提供理论依据。     

用积分湿度指标方法评价大石桥地区旱涝程度

应用积分湿度指数、干湿指标和线性回归等方法分析辽宁省大石桥地区农业生长季的旱涝程度及水分供需变化。结果表明,该地区降水量呈下降趋势,其中年降水量趋势减少170mm,春季趋势减少10mm,夏季趋势减少114mm,秋季趋势减少47mm。与农业需水相比,生长季缺水35mm,降水量满意程度趋势下降37.7%,干旱指数趋势降低0.345;作物生长季的气候类型从偏湿润向偏干旱转变,春、秋2季转为中旱气候类型,1980年以后干旱概率增加。     

作物涝害研究进展

涝害是世界上大多数国家面临的重大自然灾害之一,涝害引起作物一系列的伤害甚至死亡,严重限制了作物的分布及产量。文章从形态建成和生理生化方面介绍了作物在涝害胁迫下的各项指标变化及作物涝害机理等;指出应进一步对作物的生理生化特性进行研究,通过基因技术从分子水平探究作物耐水分胁迫的内在机理,并确定可靠、直观的涝害鉴定生理指标,才能从根本上解决植物体水分胁迫问题。     

盛花期不同渍涝时间对芝麻生理指标及产量性状的影响

摘要：以抗涝基因型河南1号与不抗涝基因冀芝1号为实验材料,研究了在盛花期不同渍涝时间对不同基因型芝麻生理指标和产量性状的影响。研究结果表明：在盛花期进行渍涝胁迫,随着淹水时间的延长,芝麻的比叶重、叶绿素含量、根系活力逐渐降低。在盛花期淹水72h,芝麻的比叶重、叶绿素含量、根系活力较对照均极显著下降﹙P＜0.01﹚。淹水处理的产量性状均较对照显著降低。     

硝态氮对淹水条件下甜樱桃根系呼吸速率及相关酶活性的影响

以盆栽美早/考特甜樱桃（Prunus avium L.）为试材,测定了在0、10、20、30 mmol/L NO3-溶液中甜樱桃根系呼吸速率和相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,NO3-减缓了淹水过程中甜樱桃根系呼吸速率的下降幅度,且随NO3-浓度的升高其呼吸速率加强。淹水2～3 d后,NO3-处理的植株根系糖酵解途径（EMP）、磷酸戊糖途径（PPP）和三羧酸循环途径（TCA）的呼吸速率均高于对照,同时增强了根系中磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G-6-PDH ）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）的活性。NO3-的加入可以减轻甜樱桃因淹水带来的危害。     

棉花渍害恢复的生理指示指标探讨

【目的】筛选花龄期渍水胁迫后棉花胁迫/恢复水平的指示性生理指标,为采取合适栽培措施减轻洪涝灾害对棉花生产的影响奠定基础。【方法】以泗杂3号为材料,在江苏省大丰市（120°28′E,33°12′N）设置大田短期渍水试验（渍水0、6、9、12 d）,对棉株功能叶光合气体交换参数、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性等14个生理指标进行测定,然后运用灰色关联度分析、聚类分析等方法对各指标进行分析和评价。【结果】渍水胁迫解除后,14个常用植物逆境相关生理指标在不同胁迫水平、不同恢复水平的棉株功能叶中存在显著差异,且与植株的恢复生长水平显著相关（P＜0.05）。不同指标与棉株恢复水平的关联度存在显著差异（0.2702—0.9127）,但各指标的关联度的高低顺序在棉株不同恢复时间具有较高的稳定性。因此,可在上述生理指标中筛选相关指标用于指示、监测渍水后棉花的恢复水平,其中与恢复指数关联度较高的生理指标是净光合速率（0.8105）和丙二醛含量（0.7717）,其关联度变异系数最小,稳定性最高,经聚类分析被分在第一类指标中。【结论】净光合速率、丙二醛含量可作为关键性生理指标用于监测棉花渍水后恢复水平从而指导棉花抗逆栽培。     

水淹胁迫对4种园林绿化树种幼苗气体交换参数的影响

对乐昌含笑 Michelia chapensis、红荷Schima wallichii、红苞木Rhodoleia championii 和樟树Cinnamomum camphora 幼苗在根部淹水胁迫下的叶片气体交换参数进行了研究,以便从光合生理角度了解这4种树种的耐水淹生理机制.结果表明,随着水淹胁迫时间的增加,4种幼苗的净光合速率均呈下降趋势,35 d 时均达到最小值,分别为1.87、0.43、-0.26和0.62 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;4种幼苗的叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率均呈下降趋势,35 d 时4种幼苗的气孔导度分别为0.032、0.005、0.008和0.006 mol·m^-2·s^-1,蒸腾速率分别为0.04、0.13、0.02和0.10 mmol·m^-2·s^-1;乐昌含笑、红荷和樟树的细胞间隙CO₂ 摩尔分数先降后升,而红苞木的细胞间隙CO₂ 摩尔分数持续上升;由主成分分析法得出4种幼苗耐水淹能力为乐昌含笑>红荷>樟树>红苞木.     

Genetic regulation of root traits for soil flooding tolerance in genus Zea

Flooding stress caused by excessive precipitation and poor drainage threatens upland crop production and food sustainability, so new upland crop cultivars are needed with greater tolerance to soil flooding (waterlogging). So far, however, there have been no reports of highly flooding-tolerant upland crop cultivars, including maize, because of the lack of flooding-tolerant germplasm and the presence of a large number of traits affecting flooding tolerance. To achieve the goal of breeding flooding-tolerant maize cultivars by overcoming these difficulties, we chose highly flooding-tolerant teosinte germplasm. These flooding-tolerance-related traits were separately assessed by establishing a method for the accurate evaluation of each one, followed by performing quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses for each trait using maize × teosinte mapping populations, developing introgression lines (ILs) or near-isogenic lines (NILs) containing QTLs and pyramiding useful traits. We have identified QTLs for flooding-tolerance-related root traits, including the capacity to form aerenchyma, formation of radial oxygen loss barriers, tolerance to flooded reducing soil conditions, flooding-induced adventitious root formation and shallow root angle. In addition, we have developed several ILs and NILs with flooding-tolerance-related QTLs and are currently developing pyramided lines. These lines should be valuable for practical maize breeding programs focused on flooding tolerance.     

Ecophysiological Differentiation of Two Mosla Species in Response to Nitrogen and Water Levels

Terrestrial ecosystems are experiencing increased inputs of nitrogen (N) and temporal fluctuations in precipitation, causing flooding or drought, and this could strongly affect the fate of terrestrial plant species, as they might have different abilities to adapt to the changing environment. We grew Mosla dianthera (a widespread species) and M. hangchowensis (an endangered species) under three water treatments (drought, sufficient water, and waterlogging) in combination with three levels of N supply (low, intermediate, and sufficient N) to study the ecophysiological responses of the congeneric species to those simulated environmental changes. The two species showed different responses to waterlogging and drought treatments, particularly when there was abundant N supply in the system. For example, under sufficient N but drought or waterlogging conditions, M. dianthera increased root mass ratio (RMR) and decreased leaf mass ratio (LMR), total leaf area (LA), and leaf area ratio (LAR); such changes can enhance water acquisition and reduce water loss under both drought and waterlogging conditions, in contrast to the general lack of change in those parameters with M. hangchowensis. These differentiations in traits suggest that increased N availability might worsen drought and waterlogging injury to M. hangchowensis and thus accelerate the decline of this population. However, M. dianthera maybe better adapted to high N availability and both drought and waterlogging conditions. We hypothesize that the different adaptive abilities to high N availability and drought and waterlogging conditions are partly responsible for the ecological differentiation observed between these two species in the field and may determine their fate in their native habitat. Further research should test this hypothesis in field experiments.