人居环境视角下的农村客运交通发展研究

通过阐述农村客运交通的发展现状、存在的主要问题以及制约因素,提出了推进农村客运交通服务均等化的发展对策。     

膜孔直径对微咸水膜孔灌土壤水盐氮运移分布影响

通过室内不同膜孔直径膜孔灌单点源微咸水入渗试验,分析了相同灌水时间下膜孔直径对微咸水膜孔灌土壤水、盐、硝态氮运移分布影响,结果表明:膜孔直径越大,相同入渗时间的累积入渗量越大;相同入渗时间,湿润锋运移距离随膜孔直径的增大而增大;灌水结束时,膜孔直径越小,相同位置的土壤含水量越小;土壤硝态氮含量随着距离膜孔中心距离增大而减小,随着膜孔直径的增大而增大,而土壤含盐量则相反。以上研究结果可以为合理利用微咸水进行膜孔灌灌溉提供理论依据。     

新疆和田地区不同盐碱地地貌水盐分布差异性研究

新疆地区土地盐碱化危害严重,造成生产能力下降。通过同一时段对和田地区不同盐碱地地貌(未开垦的荒平地、荒坡地、荒低洼地以及使用3年的熟平地)的实地考察和测试研究,获得水盐分布现场数据。分析造成不同盐碱地地貌水盐分布差异的原因,结果表明:土壤含水量高低次序为:荒低洼地>使用3年熟平地>荒平地>荒坡地,土壤含盐量高低次序为:荒低洼地>荒平地>荒坡地>使用3年熟平地,未开垦盐碱地地貌土壤含盐量与土壤含水量呈正相关。     

冷藏运输车厢温度场均匀控制研究

为解决冷藏运输车厢内温度场分布不均匀直接导致杨梅等特色水果营养成分和品质变差等问题,通过正交试验法优化设计,引入温度场均匀性评价指标,分析了气流循环风机转速、匀流板孔隙率和货框垂直间距等因素对冷藏运输车厢内温度场的影响。结果表明:风机转速越高,温度场均匀性越好,厢内的最高温度基本不变;孔隙率越小,温度场均匀性越好,孔隙率0.1时厢内最高温度最低;在一定范围内垂直间距越小,最高温度越低,均匀性也越好。针对温度场中存在的"高峰"区域,基于场协同原理设计了冷藏运输厢体结构,通过调节右侧回风口处气帘风机的方向实现了均匀性控制。     

不同水分条件下平衡施肥对旱地冬小麦土壤硝态氮运移的影响

为了探明不同水分条件下旱地冬小麦养分管理措施对土壤环境的影响,在控雨池栽条件下,设置水分与肥料双因素随机区组试验,以不施肥为对照,研究了0~200 cm土层在底墒为650 mm时,不同水分条件下3个平衡施肥处理(Y1:N 13.9 kg·hm-2、P2O54.65 kg·hm-2、K2O 15.3 kg·hm-2,Y2:N97.5kg·hm-2、P2O532.7 kg·hm-2、K2O 107.6 kg·hm-2,Y3:N 181.2 kg·hm-2、P2O560.6 kg·hm-2、K2O 199.8 kg·hm-2)对旱地冬小麦主要生育时期土壤硝态氮运移的影响。结果表明:开花期、灌浆期,在各水分条件下,0~80cm土层土壤硝态氮平均含量及积累量在Y1施肥量水平下与不施肥处理(Y0)差异不显著,Y2、Y3水平较Y0和Y1硝态氮平均含量增加98.6%~363.6%(P0.05),硝态氮积累量增加98.2%~260.9%,Y3与Y2无显著差异;施肥量的增加对80~160 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量及累积量无显著影响。在生育期补灌100mm(R3)、78 mm(R2)、56 mm(R1)条件下,冬小麦成熟期3个施肥量80~160cm土层的土壤硝态氮累积量较不补灌(R0)分别减少27.2%~41.0%、44.8%~48.4%、23.7%~49.4%,较高的水分条件加剧了土壤硝态氮向深层的淋溶。从满足冬小麦营养需求、减少土壤硝态氮的累积、提高肥料利用效率等方面综合考虑,冬小麦的适宜施肥量为Y2水平。     

Physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass,Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)

Several experiments were performed to investigate the physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Transfer of fish from fresh water (FW) to seawater (SW; 31–32 ppt) induced only a minimal disturbance of osmotic homeostasis. Ambient salinity did not affect plasma thyroxine, but plasma cortisol remained elevated for 24h after SW transfer. Gill and opercular membrane chloride cell density and Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity were relatively high and unaffected by salinity. Average chloride cell size, however, was slightly increased (16%) in SW-acclimated fish. Gill succinate dehydrogenase activity was higher in SW-acclimated fish than in FW fish. Kidney Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was slightly lower (16%) in SW fish than in FW fish. Posterior intestinal Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity and water transport capacity (J_v) did not change upon SW transfer, whereas middle intestinal Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity increased 35% after transfer and was correlated with an increase in J_v (110%). As salinity induced only minor changes in the osmoregulatory organs examined, it is proposed that the intrinsic euryhalinity of the striped bass may be related to a high degree of “preparedness” for hypoosmoregulation that is uncommon among teleosts studied to data.     

Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) post-larval survival related to age, temperature, pH and ammonium concentration

Transport of post‐larvae shrimp used in aquaculture is an important element of successful cultivation because of the potential for stress during stocking procedures. To find optimum transport conditions, several bioassays were performed in the laboratory to evaluate survival of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 5–30‐day‐old postlarvae under conditions similar to those encountered during transport from the hatchery to nursery and shrimp ponds. Postlarvae were exposed for 4 h to different temperatures and pH levels ammonia concentrations. Survival was significantly reduced after a 4 h exposure to pH 9 and was inversely related to temperature with or without 7 mg L^?1 of ammonia. The 15‐ and 20‐day‐old postlarvae had higher survival rates than other ages. The lowest survival occurred in alkali conditions (pH 9), with 7 mg L^?1ammonia at 30 and 32°C. To assure optimal survival of postlarvae during transfer from the hatchery to the nursery and shrimp ponds, we recommend temperatures below 28°C, pH no higher than 8, no ammonia and post‐larval age at least 15 days.     

外源稀土和磷素在土柱中的相互作用

Rare earth elements (REEs) increasingly used in agriculture as an amendment for crop growth may help to lessen environmental losses of phosphorus (P) from heavily fertilized soils. The vertical transport characteristics of P and REEs, lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), and cerium (Ce), were investigated with addition of exogenous REEs at various doses to packed soil columns (20 cm deep). Vertical transfers of REEs and P were relatively small, with transport depths less than 6 cm for most REEs and P. Export of applied REEs in leachate accounted for less that 5% of inputs. The addition of Ce, Nd and Sm to soil columns significantly decreased concentrations of extractable soil P up to a depth of 4 cm, with soil P concentrations unaffected at depths > 4 cm. In general, REEs had little effect on the vertical leaching of P in packed soil columns.     

岔巴沟流域淤地坝对泥沙存贮-释放的影响（英）

为分析黄河中游流域产输沙对人类干预增强的响应机制,该文选取岔巴沟为坝系小流域研究区,探讨淤地坝的建设和发展对流域内泥沙存贮-释放时空变化的影响。研究表明,20世纪80年代岔巴沟处于泥沙存贮状态,10 a平均泥沙输移比为0.325,经分析,始于20世纪50年代,并于60、70年代得到发展,80、90年代趋于稳定的岔巴沟淤地坝拦截了大量泥沙是造成泥沙存贮的主要原因。和拦沙作用相比,其减少高含沙水流发生频率,降低高含沙水流发育程度的作用更大。值得注意的是,淤地坝在几十年的发展过程中可淤库容显著下降,多数原有坝地淤满,加上20世纪80年代以后坝体建设速度减缓,以及设计标准低,后期管理和维护不利,垮坝和毁坝造成泥沙再释放的潜在性在增加。 因此,今后在对淤地坝作为一项重要的水保措施引起足够重视的同时,维护和巩固现有淤地坝的拦泥库容也非常必要。     

Alternative matrices for cortisol measurement in fish

Plasma cortisol is the most commonly used indicator of stress in fish but, as the blood sampling procedure itself can be a source of stress, it would be helpful to measure cortisol using less invasive matrices. It is also necessary to find alternative matrices as stress indicators in dead fish in which blood sampling is impossible. In the present study, we investigated transport stress in three aquaculture species, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), by cortisol determination (radioimmunoassay) in plasma and other matrices (skin mucus, gut content, lateral muscle and caudal fin). Cortisol significantly increased after transport in all species and matrices, except in the sea bass gut content, where it remained unchanged. The three species responded to transport stress by producing different cortisol levels. In conclusion, the significant correlation found between plasma cortisol and most of the other matrices opens up the possibility of using them to evaluate stress in fish: mucus sampling is a less invasive method than blood sampling, and in addition to muscle and fin sampling, it can be used in postmortem fish.