提高钢琴键盘尺寸稳定性的研究

文章采用PEG的分子量、质量体积浓度、压力的变化作为影响因子,探讨了不同条件下的PEG对鱼鳞云杉尺寸稳定性能的影响,结果表明,PEG处理过的鱼鳞云杉具有较高的尺寸稳定性,PEG的分子量、处理液浓度、抽真空度和浸渍加压压力对木材尺寸稳定性都有一定的影响。     

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) plantation — An age old agroforestry system in Eastern Himalayas

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a shade loving plant grown in the Indian hill states of Sikkim and Dargeeling district of West Bengal. About 30 important tree species are used to provide shade to the cardamom plants. Alnus nepalensis, a deciduous, nitrogen fixing and fast growing tree, is the species most commonly underplanted with cardamom. In addition to providing shade, it is also used for fuelwood. The old trees are cut and young plants coming up are allowed to grow in cyclic order. The quick decomposing leaf litter of A. nepalensis also fertilises the cardamom plants. The nitrogen added to the soil in this way has been found to be as high as 249 kg/ha. Large cardamom thrives well in a moist soil, which is maintained by water diverted from seasonal springs on the upper slopes. The system is well suited to conserving soil, water and tree cover of the characteristically steep slopes of the region. Moreover, the management inputs required for growing cardamom are low but the crop gives a higher financial return than rice or maize. The shade trees used in the system are also a major source of fuel, fodder and timber, especially as access to state owned forests is restricted by legislation. However, increasing incidence of viral chirkey and foorkey disease, panicle rot and capsule borer are reducing the cardamom productivity. It has been observed that integrating dairying and apiculture will further augment profitability from large cardamom agroforestry system.     

Biology,incidence and host susceptibility of Pineus boerneri (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Colombian pine plantations

Adelgids (Hemiptera) in the genus Pineus have been reported as introduced insect pests causing serious losses to Pinus plantations worldwide. In 2008, Pineus boerneri was recorded for the first time in Colombia, with infestations noted on Pinus kesiya, P. tecunumanii, P. maximinoi and P. oocarpa. The lack of information on this insect in Colombia prompted investigations of its life cycle and infestation levels as well as host susceptibility of the main Pinus species planted in Colombia. In addition, the possibility of using a Ceraeochrysa species, an already established predator of adelgids in Colombia, for biological control was considered. Results showed that Pineus boerneri in Colombia has an anholocyclic life cycle comprised of four instars with a complete duration of between 49 and 97 d. Infestations were higher in the middle and upper part of trees. Pinus kesiya and P. maximinoi had the highest levels of susceptibility in field as well as in greenhouse trials. A survey of naturally infested trees showed P. tecunumanii to be moderately susceptible, whereas P. patula and P. oocarpa had low levels of susceptibility in a greenhouse trial but were not susceptible in the field. Investigations considering the impact of predation of Ceraeochrysa species showed a high predation rate of up to 140 P. boerneri consumed per day by a single Ceraeochrysa individual. Other predators of P. boerneri were recorded but were not sufficiently common to warrant detailed study.     

玉黄金对春玉米茎秆显微结构及抗折强度的影响

【目的】研究化控剂(30%胺鲜酯·乙烯利水剂以下称玉黄金)对春玉米茎秆显微结构及抗折强度的影响。【方法】选取京农科728和金农738为材料,测定不同种植密度下喷施玉黄金后春玉米茎秆抗折强度,利用光学显微镜观察其茎节的显微结构,对维管束各项显微结构与茎秆抗折强度进行相关分析及通径分析。【结果】维管束数目对茎秆抗折强度的直接影响最大,且呈极显著负相关为-0.760;与木质部面积呈极显著正相关为0.970;与单个维管束平均面积、维管束最大直径和表皮细胞厚呈显著正相关分别为0.661、0.659和0.632。【结论】京农科728和金农738在不同种植密度下,喷施浓度为200 mg/L的玉黄金后茎秆单位面积内维管束数目减少、表皮厚度增厚、维管束最大直径最大、抗折强度提高,抗倒性增强。     

干旱胁迫下保水剂对雪茄烟叶碳氮代谢和中性香气物质含量的影响

为研究干旱胁迫下保水剂种类和用量对雪茄烟叶碳氮代谢和香气质量的影响,以德雪3号为试材,采用盆栽试验研究不同保水剂种类(SAP保水剂、沃特保水剂和自制保水剂TS-PAA)与用量(2、4、6 g·株^-1)下的雪茄烟叶碳氮代谢和中性致香成分含量变化。结果表明:1)使用保水剂可有效提高雪茄烟生长发育前期(45 d以前)氮代谢强度,加速氮素营养向烟碱的转化与积累,削弱后期(60 d以后)氮代谢强度,使烟碱的积累程度明显减弱,75 d时各处理的烟碱含量较对照均有大幅度下降,以TS-PAA 2 g·株^-1处理降幅最大,为32.26%。2)使用保水剂能加速中后期(45 d以后)碳代谢进程,促进雪茄烟叶中淀粉、总糖、还原糖含量增加,其中以TS-PAA 4 g·株^-1处理增幅最高,较CK增幅分别为327.28%、80.51%、79.54%,糖碱比增幅161.90%,两糖比(还原糖/总糖)均维持在0.9左右。3)使用保水剂还能显著延迟叶片衰老,提升烟株的抗旱能力,促进雪茄烟叶中性致香成分积累。4)在干旱协迫条件下,保水剂的使用有利于促进雪茄烟叶生长发育过程中碳氮代谢的合理转化与动态平衡,提升烟叶品质。不同处理比较,TS-PAA、沃特保水剂处理以4 g·株^-1,SAP保水剂处理以6 g·株^-1用量时作用效果最佳。     

蔬菜废弃物还田量及配施菌剂对土壤腐殖质组成的影响

为了促进蔬菜废弃物资源化还田,在室内模拟不同量[全量:每亩(667 m2)1.8 t,半量:每亩0.9 t]番茄秸秆和甘蓝叶残体还田,并设置添加菌剂(秸秆腐熟剂、农用酵素)和未添加菌剂处理,测定还田后7、14、21、28、35 d的土壤温度、pH、电导率、有机碳、养分含量以及腐殖质各组分含量,探究蔬菜废弃物还田量及配施菌剂对土壤理化性质和腐殖质组成的影响.结果 表明:各还田处理的土壤pH值呈先降低后增加趋势,其中配施菌剂处理的pH值变化幅度较小.蔬菜废弃物还田后7 d各处理的有机碳含量均迅速增加,增加范围为0.55～1.73 g·kg-1.与未施菌剂还田相比,还田35 d后番茄秸秆添加酵素全量还田处理的土壤全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别增加了14.49％、9.30％和5.61％,甘蓝叶残体添加酵素全量还田处理的有效磷含量增幅最大,达到34.98％.在还田处理期间,番茄秸秆在第21 d的土壤水溶性物质含量达到最大,而甘蓝叶残体还田处理则是在第7 d上升到最大值,并且甘蓝叶残体各还田处理的土壤水溶性物质含量整体比番茄秸秆还田处理高.蔬菜废弃物配施酵素全量还田能够有效促进土壤腐殖质和胡敏酸含量增加,且两种蔬菜废弃物还田处理的土壤腐殖化程度均在还田第7d达到最大.综合比较而言,蔬菜废弃物配施酵素全量还田在提高秸秆资源化利用效率、降低还田成本方面效果最佳,更适宜推广应用.     

微生物菌剂对金银花生长和品质的调控

为探究3种不同微生物菌剂（生物冲施肥、枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂和坤益健100）对金银花生长特性和品质的影响,采用田间小区试验,对金银花分别施用3种不同微生物菌剂,测定金银花相关生长指标、产量及品质。结果表明：坤益健100对金银花新稍长度和新生叶数提高效果明显,较空白对照分别提高59.67%和39.20%;生物冲施肥对叶绿素含量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率作用效果最佳,较对照分别提高10.06%、30.41%和22.75%;对金银花的增产效果表现为生物冲施肥>枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂>坤益健100,较对照分别增产51.04%、20.39%、9.40%;与对照相比,施用微生物菌剂后金银花中木犀草苷、绿原酸、浸出物含量明显提高,总灰分显著下降。研究表明,微生物菌剂对金银花生长、产量和品质提升效果显著,综合评价结果为生物冲施肥效果最佳,坤益健100次之。     

噻虫嗪在棉叶中残留消解动态及对棉蚜的防治效果评价

【目的】研究噻虫嗪种衣剂在棉叶中的消解动态,评价其对棉蚜的防治效果。【方法】采用QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS方法,定期测定棉叶中噻虫嗪的含量,田间调查噻虫嗪种衣剂对棉蚜防治效果。【结果】0.01~0.50 mg/L线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.999。在0.01、0.20、0.50 mg/kg添加水平下,噻虫嗪在棉叶中的平均回收率在93.4%~119.71%,相对标准偏差为0.34%~5.18%,方法检测限为0.001 mg/kg。噻虫嗪在棉叶中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为3.85~4.03 d。下部叶中噻虫嗪含量分别占各处理总浓度的59.42%~76.39%,噻虫嗪主要分布在下部叶片。出苗后30 d时,600 g/100kg处理防效最佳,仍可达87.90%。【结论】使用600 g/100kg浓度噻虫嗪种子处理,可较好地防治苗期蚜虫。     

不同填充剂对农村厨余垃圾堆肥氮转化及相关功能基因的影响

试验以农村厨余垃圾为堆肥原料,设置添加15%锯末（SD）、15%树叶（FL）和15%玉米秸秆（CS）3个处理。研究不同填充剂的添加对农村厨余垃圾堆肥过程中与腐熟度相关的各种理化指标,氮转化及其相关功能基因的影响。结果表明,添加3种填充剂的厨余垃圾堆肥产物均达到无害化处理标准,相比较SD处理,FL和CS处理提高堆体的最高温度并延长高温期的持续时间,FL处理腐熟程度最好,CS处理次之。相较于SD和CS处理,FL处理的NH₃累积排放量分别减少33.81%和5.22%,N₂O累积排放分别减少61.75%和29.10%,堆肥前期的反硝化基因降低明显。冗余分析结果表明,C/N、pH和全氮是造成厨余垃圾堆肥氮转化功能基因变化的主要因素。     

金属硫酸盐浸种对水稻种子萌发和秧苗镉吸收的影响

为了解金属硫酸盐浸种对水稻种子萌发和秧苗吸收Cd等元素的影响,以水稻品种五丰优286为试验材料,选择多种浓度的硫酸亚铁(FeSO₄)、硫酸锌(ZnSO₄)和硫酸锰(MnSO₄)作为浸种剂进行室内催芽和水培试验,测定水稻胚根长、胚芽长、发芽率,以及秧苗中的Cd、Mg、B、P、K含量。结果显示,FeSO₄和MnSO₄浸种均可提高水稻的发芽率,促进胚根和胚芽生长,且能有效降低秧苗中的Cd含量;而ZnSO₄浸种对水稻胚根和胚芽的生长表现出明显的抑制作用,且会增加秧苗中的Cd含量。FeSO₄和MnSO₄浸种对水稻秧苗Mg、B、P、K的吸收无明显抑制作用,且FeSO₄浸种对秧苗B的吸收有促进作用。总的来看,FeSO₄和MnSO₄浸种具有较好的降低水稻Cd吸收的应用潜力,值得进一步深入研究。