氮钾减施下紫云英翻压量对双季稻产量及氮素利用的影响

采用11年(2008—2018年)绿肥定位试验,研究氮钾减施20%下紫云英不同翻压量(15 000、22 500、30 000、37 500 kg/hm2)对双季稻产量、氮素利用率及土壤氮素的影响。结果表明：与不施肥相比,施肥处理的早、晚稻产量显著增加,产量可持续指数提高,且减施氮钾20%翻压紫云英处理和单施化肥处理间的11年平均产量和产量可持续指数差异均无统计学意义;通过分析2018年的数据,与当地的常规施肥处理相比,减施氮钾20%翻压紫云英30 000 kg/hm2能显著提高早稻生物量、氮素积累量、化肥氮素吸收利用效率(回收利用效率、农学利用效率、偏生产力)和晚稻稻草生物量、稻谷氮素积累量、总投入氮素吸收利用效率(回收利用效率、农学利用效率、生理利用率、偏生产力);适量氮钾减施翻压紫云英可提高土壤全氮和碱解氮质量分数,有效提升土壤肥力。在本研究中,氮钾减施20%时翻压紫云英30 000 kg/hm2较适宜。     

修复肥料和紫云英对水稻吸收积累镉的影响

为探讨修复肥料和紫云英对镉污染稻田的修复效果,在大田试验条件下,设置修复肥料和紫云英处理,并与应用较为广泛的石灰进行安全利用效果对比,研究对镉污染稻田水稻不同部位镉吸收转运、有效态镉含量、镉化学形态和酶活性等的影响。结果表明：修复肥料和紫云英联合施用可以使水稻产量较不添加土壤调理剂增产9.01%,施用修复肥料或紫云英也有一定增产效果;修复肥料和紫云英单施及二者联合施用均有效降低糙米镉含量,联合施用的降镉效果最好,达到了28.64%,石灰处理后糙米镉含量也均低于GB 2762—2017限量值;修复肥料和紫云英联合施用水稻根际和非根际土壤pH值分别提高0.20和0.32个单位,效果好于石灰处理（分别提高0.08个和0.23个单位）,修复肥料单施和与紫云英联合施用根际和非根际土壤有效态镉含量分别降低32.25%和40.54%,降镉效果接近石灰处理（27.87%和42.85%）;修复肥料和紫云英联合施用降低了土壤弱酸提取态和可还原态镉含量,提高了残渣态镉含量。此外,修复肥料和紫云英的联合及单独施用在一定程度上提高了土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性;紫云英和修复肥料单施和二者配施的投入产...     

紫云英稻秆联合还田与氮肥减量对水稻产量及氨挥发的影响

为研究紫云英-水稻轮作体系中紫云英稻秆联合还田与氮肥减量配施对水稻产量和氨挥发的影响,连续两个轮作季（2019—2021年）在陕西汉中开展田间试验,试验设置4个处理：冬闲稻秆不还田+常规施氮处理,即对照处理（CK）;冬作紫云英稻秆还田+常规施氮处理（GRN₁₀₀）;冬作紫云英稻秆还田+氮肥减量20%处理（GRN₈₀）;冬作紫云英稻秆还田+氮肥减量30%处理（GRN₇₀）。采用通气式氨挥发收集装置监测水稻生育期间氨挥发特征。结果表明：与CK相比,紫云英稻秆联合还田各处理可提高“黄华占”籽粒产量,产量由高到低的顺序为GRN₈₀、GRN₇₀、GRN₁₀₀,其中GRN₈₀和GRN₇₀处理相较于CK处理的年均增幅分别为7.66%和6.37%。冠层氨挥发主要发生在水稻施肥30 d以后,其中水稻抽穗期至成熟期挥发速率较大。土壤氨挥发主要发生在水稻施肥后16 d内,在施肥后第2天达到峰值,2020年和2021年分别为0.53 kg·hm^-2·d^-1和0.58 kg·hm^-2·d^-1。与CK相比,GRN₈₀处理显著降低水稻全生育期冠层氨挥发累积量和单位产量氨挥发强度,二者分别下降58.73%和57.14%。紫云英稻秆联合还田较CK处理可显著降低水稻全生育期土壤氨挥发累积量和单位产量氨挥发强度,其值由高到低依次顺序为GRN₁₀₀、GRN₇₀、GRN₈₀。就水稻全生育期氨挥发累积量和单位产量氨挥发强度而言,紫云英稻秆联合还田较CK处理可显著降低2.88%~8.32%和5.26%~13.88%,其中GRN₈₀处理降幅最大。相关分析表明,田面水铵态氮浓度与各处理土壤氨挥发速率呈显著正相关,与GRN₈₀和GRN₇₀处理冠层氨挥发速率呈显著负相关。研究表明,紫云英和稻秆联合还田与氮肥减量20%或30%配施,可显著提高水稻产量,减少稻田氨挥发损失,是适宜汉中地区兼顾水稻高产和环境友好的栽培措施。     

青海东部农区不同山地燕麦与箭舌豌豆混播试验初报

试验证明,每公顷燕麦150—187.5kg、箭舌豌豆75—60kg的混播量均适于我省农区低、中、高位不同山地,其中以燕麦150kg、箭舌豌豆75kg的混播比例为最佳混播组合量,其鲜草产量比单播燕麦及箭舌豌豆分别增加28.3％和20.5％。在混播草层中,燕麦对箭舌豌豆起支撑作用,使箭舌豌豆在不同山地比单播株高平均增长15.6cm,在高位山地株高平均增长24.7cm。     

Effects of cover crops sown in autumn on N and P leaching

A field experiment with separately tile-drained plots was used to study the ability of oilseed radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.), as a cover crop sown after harvest of a main crop of cereals or peas, to reduce nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching losses from a clay loam in southern Sweden over 6 years. In addition to oilseed radish in pure stand, two cover crop mixtures (hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and rye (Secale cereale) for 3 years and oilseed radish in mixture with buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) for 2 years) were tested. The cover crop plots (three replicates per treatment) were compared with unplanted plots as a control. Plots cropped with oilseed radish during autumn (August–November) had significantly smaller yearly mean N concentration in drainage water over 5 of 6 years compared with unplanted controls. Mineral N content in the soil profile in autumn was significantly less in oilseed radish plots than for control plots in all years. The cover crop mixtures of hairy vetch and rye or buckwheat and oilseed radish also showed the potential to reduce soil mineral N in autumn and N concentration in drainage water, compared with unplanted controls. The cover crops had no impact on P leaching. In conclusion, oilseed radish has the ability to reduce leaching losses of N, without increasing the risk of P leaching.     

Application of Chinese milk vetch affects rice yield and soil productivity in a subtropical double-rice cropping system

Green manure can be used as a substitute for chemical fertilizer without reducing rice yield. We studied the responses of soil fertility and rice yield to different combinations of Chinese milk vetch(CMV; Astragalus sinicus L.) and chemical fertilizer in a subtropical double-rice cropping system. Our goal is to reduce chemical fertilizer use and decrease environmental contamination. Compared with the recommended rate of chemical fertilizer(CF), both early-and late-rice yields in the two treatments supplied with 15 and 22.5 Mg CMV ha–1 plus 60% CF(represented as 60 A and 60 B, respectively) showed no significant differences while the two treatments supplied with 30 and 37.5 Mg CMV ha–1 plus 60% CF(represented as 60 C and 60 D, respectively) showed significantly higher values. The sustainable yield index(SYI) values in the 60 C and 60 D treatments with double-rice croppong system were significantly higher than those in other treatments(P0.05). Early-rice yield showed a significant positive relationship with the Chinese milk vetch incorporation rate. The coefficients increased annually from 2009 to 2013 and then decreased in 2014. Soil organic matter increased over time by the end of the experiment in all of the treatment groups. Soil organic matter in 60 A, 60 B and 60 C showed no significant difference compared with that in CF, while soil organic matter in 60 D was significantly higher than that in CF. The slopes of soil organic matter and total nitrogen over six years were the highest in 60 C and 60 D. The soil total nitrogen content in 60 A, 60 B, 60 C and 60 D was higher than that in CF, but the differences were not significant(P0.05). Therefore, a relatively high Chinese milk vetch incorporation rate(≥30 Mg ha–1) was more effective in improving the productivity and sustainability of paddy soil. The decreased coefficients of early-rice yield and the Chinese milk vetch incorporation rate in 2014 implied that the benefits of soil fertility and rice yield created by Chinese milk vetch input may decline after five years under a continuously high rate of Chinese milk vetch incorporation.     

Bitter vetch as a single dietary ingredient for molt induction in laying hens

Molting is used to increase productivity in the second laying cycle of commercial laying flocks. We report here the applicability of whole grain of bitter vetch as an alternative method for molt induction in laying hens. A total of 120 laying hens were molted by feed withdrawal (FW), a high-Zn diet (HZn), a moderate-Zn and Ca-P-deficient diet (MZn-CaP), or whole grain of bitter vetch (BV). Egg production ceased first in FW-treated hens and last in MZn-CaP-treated hens (P < 0.05). The rest period was longer (P < 0.05) in hens exposed to the BV diet, which proved to be comparable with the FW treatment for postmolt egg production. Egg mass for 4 to 16 wk after the molting was greater (P < 0.05) for hens molted by BV than hens molted by the MZn-CaP diet. Egg weight and yolk color were not (P > 0.05) significantly different among various molting induction methods. Albumen height and Haugh unit of eggs from hens molted by BV, for the most part of the experimental period, were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than for birds on the MZn-CaP diet and unmolted hens. In conclusion, use of BV grain as a single dietary ingredient proved to be effective in molt induction and improving postmolt egg production and internal egg quality when compared with unmolted hens.     

紫云英磷素养分高效利用品种筛选

为获得紫云英磷高效利用品种,通过施磷和不施磷处理对9个紫云英品种(系)进行筛选和鉴定。研究结果发现:9个紫云英品种(系)间性状差异明显;84341022、闽紫6号、浙紫5-12和8487711植株直立、高大粗壮,显著区别于信阳种、余江大叶和弋江籽;信阳种、余江大叶和弋江籽品种分枝数显著多于其它品种。磷效率采用种子和鲜草产量为指标,以耐低磷力、品种适应性及综合力描述,筛选出闽紫7号高耐低磷力品种(耐低磷力达到146.5%),8487711和闽紫7号磷高效利用品种(综合力都达到1级标准,分别为84.8%和80.3%)以及余江大叶磷敏感基因型品种(缺磷时产量低,施磷后产量显著提高)。对于紫云英磷高效利用品种的稳定性和可靠性还有待连续多年试验验证。本研究结果可为南方稻区选育磷高效利用紫云英品种提供科学依据。     

紫云英还田配施化肥对单季晚稻养分利用和产量的影响

研究旨在探讨紫云英较高鲜草翻压量条件下配施不同比例常规用量化肥对单季晚稻养分吸收、养分利用效率和产量的影响。试验设置7个处理:CK(不翻压紫云英和不施化肥),CF(常规用量施肥)及翻压45 t hm-2(GM45)紫云英鲜草配施0、20%、40%、60%和80%常规用量化肥(CF)。在浙江省金华市蒋堂农业科学试验站进行为期2年的田间试验,结果表明,在所有的紫云英翻压配施化肥处理中,虽然水稻N、P、K的总吸收量以GM45+80%CF处理最高,但稻谷P、K养分最高吸收量出现在GM45+40%CF处理中,水稻养分内部利用效率随化肥配施量的增加而降低;水稻的N、P和K的农学利用效率和稻谷产量均以GM45+40%CF处理最高。从提高肥料利用率和降低环境风险的角度出发,紫云英鲜草异地还田量为45 t hm-2时,以配施N 80.6 kg hm-2、P2O521.5 kg hm-2和K2O 43.3 kg hm-2为宜。与CK处理相比,CF和紫云英鲜草翻压配施化肥处理的稻谷产量分别提高13.7%和8.5%～17.4%。在紫云英—单季晚稻耕作制中,紫云英异地还田量45 t hm-2不会使单季晚稻苗期产生僵苗现象。     

秸秆和紫云英覆盖还田对玉米光合生理特性的影响

为探究秸秆和紫云英覆盖还田对玉米光合生理特性的影响,设置半量秸秆覆盖(HS)、全量秸秆覆盖(WS)、紫云英覆盖(M)、半量秸秆加紫云英覆盖(HS+M)、全量秸秆加紫云英覆盖(WS+M)、无覆盖(CK)6个处理,于玉米乳熟期测定光合气体交换参数的日变化、光响应曲线以及叶片生理指标和干物质量等。结果表明,净光合速率和气孔导度都呈“双峰”曲线变化,胞间二氧化碳浓度（C_i）和蒸腾速率(T_r)整体呈“单峰”曲线变化;HS+M处理的日平均净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)最高且较CK处理分别显著增加了33.44%、60.81%、33.36%,而各处理间的日平均胞间C_i差异不大;光响应曲线中,WS+M处理的P_nmax和LSP的实测值在各处理中最高,分别为23.46、1 900 mol·m^-2·s^-1,且各处理的光响应曲线拟合决定系数均高于0.99;Rubisco和PEPC的活性在各处理间均表现为：WS+M>HS+M>M>WS>HS>CK,各处理中,以WS+M处理的Rubisco和PEPC活性最高分别为12.92 U·L^-1、6.59 U·L^-1,且较CK处理高出1.12和1.59倍;玉米穗位叶叶面积和地上部分单株干物质量都以WS+M处理最高,分别较CK处理显著增加了16.40%、46.32%;气体交换参数与玉米叶片生理指标间均呈正相关关系。本研究结果表明,将秸秆、绿肥覆盖还田可提高玉米的光合作用能力,促进玉米地上部分干物质积累,为玉米最终增产提供物质基础。