免耕玉米田除草剂混合应用研究

1996～ 2 0 0 3年对河北省小麦 -夏玉米一年两熟种植制度下免耕玉米田杂草种类、发生规律及化学防除进行了研究 ,提出了将土壤处理除草剂与茎叶处理除草剂混用在免耕玉米田除草的措施。根据作物生长、杂草叶龄及环境条件 ,将土壤处理除草剂如乙阿合剂和灭生性茎叶处理除草剂克无踪或农达在玉米播种后出苗前桶混或分别施用 ,可以有效控制免耕玉米田杂草。施用 2 0 %克无踪水剂或 41 %农达水剂 2 2 5 0mL/hm2 混用 40 %乙阿合剂悬乳剂2 2 5 0mL/hm2 ,对免耕玉米田杂草鲜重防效在 95 %左右 ,比单用乙阿合剂 2 2 5 0mL/hm2 的防效提高 2 0多个百分点。     

Plant sensitivity to atrazine and chlorsulfuron residues in a soil-free system

The sensitivity of 22 major crops, pastures and weeds from the north-east grain region of Australia to atrazine and chlorsulfuron residues was determined in a glasshouse using a soil-free bioassay system. A logistic equation was fitted to the seedling fresh weights as a function of the logarithm of herbicide concentration by non-linear regression and used to calculate the doses for 10%, 30% and 50% inhibition of seedling growth (ID₁₀, ID₃₀ and ID₅₀). The ID₅₀ for atrazine ranged from 0.03 to 0.04 mg a.i. L^–1 for Salvia reflexa Hornem. and barley to 1.47 mg a.i. L^–1 for sorghum. The ID₅₀ for chlorsulfuron ranged from 0.19 to 0.21 μg a.i. L^–1 for lucerne and snail medic to 102 μg a.i. L^–1 for wheat. Based on ID₅₀ values measured, the predicted responses of each species to a range of concentrations of atrazine and chlorsulfuron were classified into four categories ranging from no damage to severe damage. These sensitivity data will assist in planning cropping sequences in soils previously treated with atrazine or chlorsulfuron.     

Atrazine intoxication in cattle,confirmed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Ten of 40 cows died within 48 h of gaining access to a barn in which various chemicals were stored. Some of the surviving cows exhibited drooling, muscle tremors, and agitation. Postmortem examinations of 2 cows were performed in the field, and revealed nonspecific, moderate-to-severe pulmonary congestion. Liver and rumen contents, each from a different cow, were analyzed using a qualitative, multi-residue GC-MS method validated for the detection of pesticides and other chemical analytes. Using this method, extracts from the liver and rumen content samples were compared to atrazine (neat standard) and matrix-matched, control samples fortified with atrazine. GC-MS analysis detected atrazine at 215 m/z (NIST match >97%) with a retention time of ~13 min in liver and rumen content samples from our case. Detection of atrazine in the samples from the cows in this herd, combined with the clinical history, indicate that atrazine toxicity was the likely cause of clinical signs and death observed in this herd.     

Antagonistic effect of photosynthetic electron transport inhibitors on peroxidizing phytotoxic activity

It is shown that a number of new 2-benzylamino-1,3,5-triazines have a similar antagonistic effect to diuron on the phytotoxic activity of peroxidizing herbicides.     

金叶女贞苗圃除草剂应用效果筛选研究初报

选择2～3a生金叶女贞苗圃,进行了10种除草剂配方的应用效果研究.结果表明:在杂草生长初期,使用1.5mL/m2剂量的吡氟禾草灵0.1mL/m2 草甘膦1.0mL/m2混配制剂,除草效果可达98.5%.     

Studies of the New Herbicide KIH-6127. Part II. Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of 6-Acyl Pyrimidin-2-yl Salicylates and Analogues against Barnyard Grass

The method reported previously (Part I) was employed to prepare a variety of novel 6-acylsalicylates as key intermediates. 6-Acylpyrimidin-2-yl salicylates (2-acyl-6-[(4,6-disubstituted pyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]benzoate derivatives: Type 1), the closely related phthalide compounds (3-alkyl-7-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]phthalide derivatives: Type 2) and the ketal derivatives of 2-acyl-6-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]benzoates (Type 3) were synthesized and their herbicidal activities measured. Methyl 2-acetyl-6-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]benzoate gave excellent control of barnyard grass with a promising profile as a prototype rice herbicide.     

二苯醚类除草剂降解菌Bacillus sp. Za微生物制剂的研发与初步应用

以二苯醚类除草剂高效降解菌株Bacillus sp. Za为材料制备微生物制剂，优化液体制剂保护剂的物质配比，筛选固体制剂的最适材料，对固体制剂进行初步应用并评价其降解效果。研究结果表明：（1）液体制剂保护剂（0.20%柠檬酸钠、0.20%羧甲基纤维素、0.30% KCl）可使活菌数提高35.71%，保存30 d的液体制剂对50 mg/L乳氟禾草灵的降解率为83.50%。（2）筛选得到猪粪有机肥作为固体制剂的最适材料，保存60 d时固体制剂活菌数为8.26×108 cfu/g，对土壤中10 mg/kg乳氟禾草灵的降解率为85.52%。（3）添加固体制剂可有效缓解乳氟禾草灵残留对玉米所产生的药害。     

Could the dawn of Level 4 robotic weeders facilitate a revolution in ecological weed management?

Ecological weed management (EWM) considers that not all non-crop plants cause harm, and that non-harmful species ‘aliae plantae’ should be retained to provide multiple positive benefits. Only plants causing ‘significant harm’ are defined as weeds and should be controlled. However, this is difficult to achieve with current herbicide and mechanical weeding technologies. Robotic weeders may be able to facilitate EWM. Four Levels of robotic weeders are defined: Level 1 are row followers; Level 2 identify individual crop plants and weed around them; Level 3 individually identify all plants and individually kill all non-crop plants; Level 4 weeders individually distinguish crop plants, aliae plantae, and weeds and only kill the weeds, thus facilitating EWM. Currently only Levels 1–3 robotic weeders exist. The aim of proposing Level 4 robotic weeders is to highlight, particularly to roboticists, that the end goal of robotic weeding should not be crop monocultures, but biodiverse fields through EWM. It is envisaged that Level 4 robotic weeders would not just operate in vegetable crops, which are the current focus of Level 3 weeders, but in all crops, such as fruit trees, where they could, for example, control weeds in living mulches. It is therefore considered essential that weed scientists and roboticists collaborate to ensure that robotic weeders achieve EWM, not monocultures. If this vision can be realised, it could usher in a revolution in weed management.     

5类化学除草剂在作物中残留分析的研究进展

为解决化学除草剂在作物中的残留的药害问题,本研究综述了酰胺类、磺酰脲类、三氮苯类、苯氧羧酸类和联吡啶类5类化学除草剂在作物中的残留分析,从酰胺类除草剂和磺酰脲类除草剂施用的常见作物进行残留检测分析,从三氮苯类除草剂、苯氧羧酸类除草剂和联吡啶类除草剂中各自选取一种代表性的除草剂,论述其在作物中的残留情况,归纳总结出化学除草剂残留对作物的药害情况,今后可以采用新的检测技术-酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)来提高除草剂残留检测的灵敏度和时效性,加强对农民合理用药的培训指导工作和对除草剂的监管力度,加大开发对长残留除草剂替代品的步伐。     

转基因技术在中国主要粮食作物改良中的研究进展

针对转基因技术在中国主要粮食作物改良中的应用，笔者简述了转基因技术的原理和优点，回顾了转基因技术在中国主要粮食作物（玉米、小麦、水稻）品种改良中的研究进展情况，总结了转基因技术在中国主要粮食作物抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂及品质改良中的主要应用，并对今后的研究方向提出了展望，以期可以更好地了解转基因植物，以科学的态度对待转基因植物的应用和发展。