Assessment of diffusive phosphate supply in soils by microdialysis

Standard procedures to assess P availability in soils are based on batch experiments with various extractants. However, in most soils P nutrition is less limited by bulk stocks but by strong adsorption and transport limitation. The basic principle of root‐phosphate uptake is to strip phosphate locally from the solid phase by forming a radial depletion zone in the soil solution, optionally enhanced by release of mobilizing substances. Microdialysis (MD), a well‐established method in pharmacokinetics, is capable to mimic important characteristics of P root uptake. The sampling is by diffusional exchange through a semipermeable membrane covering the probes with their sub‐mm tubular structure. Additionally, the direct environment of the probe can be chemically modified by adding, e.g ., carboxylates to the perfusate. This study is the first approach to test the applicability of MD in assessing plant available phosphate in soils and to develop a framework for its appropriate use.We used MD in stirred solutions to quantify the effect of pumping rate, concomitant ions, and pH value on phosphate recovery. Furthermore, we measured phosphate yield of top‐soil material from a beech forest, a non‐fertilized grassland, and from a fertilized corn field. Three perfusates have been used based on a 1 mM KNO₃ solution: pure (1), with 0.1 mM citric acid (2), and with 1 mM citric acid (3). Additionally, a radial diffusion model has been parametrized for the stirred solutions and the beech forest soil.Results from the tests in stirred solutions were in good agreement with reported observations obtained for other ionic species. This shows the principal suitability of the experimental setup for phosphate tests. We observed a significant dependency of phosphate uptake into the MD probes on dialysate pumping rate and on ionic strength of the outside solution. In the soils, we observed uptake rates of the probes between 1.5 × 10⁻¹⁵ and 6.7 × 10⁻¹⁴ mol s⁻¹ cm⁻¹ in case of no citrate addition. Surprisingly, median uptake rates were mostly independent of the bulk soil stocks, but the P‐fertilized soil revealed a strong tailing towards higher values. This indicates the occurrence of hot P spots in soils. Citrate addition increased P yields only in the higher concentration but not in the forest soil. The order of magnitude of MD uptake rates from the soil samples matched root‐length related uptake rates from other studies. The micro‐radial citrate release in MD reflects the processes controlling phosphate mobilization in the rhizosphere better than measurements based on “flooding” of soil samples with citric acid in batch experiments. Important challenges in MD with phosphate are small volumes of dialysate with extremely low concentrations and a high variability of results due to soil heterogeneity and between‐probe variability. We conclude that MD is a promising tool to complement existing P‐analytical procedures, especially when spatial aspects or the release of mobilizing substances are in focus.     

抗战时期陕甘宁边区奶业 技术扩散及其影响因素

抗日战争时期，陕甘宁边区的奶业方兴未艾。以光华农场为代表的奶业科研及生产机构，大力开展奶畜育种、饲养、管理、防疫等方面的科研工作，试验制作奶酪、奶皮、奶油、酸奶等奶制品，成为了边区奶业的技术扩散源。抗日军民对牛、羊奶的大量需求，客观上促进了边区奶业技术的传播与辐射，但受经济条件、饮食习惯以及市场流通等多重因素的影响和制约，边区奶业技术扩散呈现出比较复杂的情形。     

农业引进技术消化吸收模型及其演化仿真

对于农业技术的引进,必须综合考虑技术应用地区的经济发展状况、市场规模以及其他影响技术消化吸收的要素.农户人力资本均等程度较高但均值较低的地区应引进应用难度系数较低的中间技术或者原始技术；人力资本均值较高且方差较大的地区则应引进应用难度系数较大的尖端技术或者先进技术.农业引进技术消化吸收的进程取决于农业技术扩散,而农业技术扩散同时受两种效应影响,即学习效应和研发推动效应.在学习效应推动下,对于农户人力资本方差较大的经济,在技术扩散早期扩散速度较快,而在技术扩散后期则扩散速度较慢.另一方面,在研发推动下,对于人力资本方差较小的经济,技术扩散较快.     

玻璃中永久应力的理论分析与数值模拟

为了分析玻璃退火过程中永久应力的形成规律以及应力值的大小,基于玻璃永久应力的成因分析,建立了弹性体数值模型,给出了永久应力的计算方法和步骤。根据所建模型,利用ansys软件模拟了玻璃退火过程中结构应力和残余温差应力的形成过程,发现结构应力产生于膨胀系数开始发生变化的温度567℃,停止于膨胀系数稳定时的温度480℃。并根据模拟结果,计算出了玻璃中永久应力值的大小：边部压应力1.022MPa,中部张应力0.602MPa。模拟过程比较准确地反应了实际玻璃退火过程中应力的形成过程,根据模拟值求出的应力值大小基本符合玻璃实际应力值情况。     

Pearl Millet Phenology and Growth in Relation to Thermal Time under Arid Environment

Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum L.R.Br.) hybrid MH 179 was grown under two moisture regimes viz., optimal moisture and rainfed conditions. The field experiment was continued for three consecutive rainy seasons to quantify the pearl millet development with thermal time. The possible influence of variation in natural sowing date on the relationships between crop development and thermal time have been described. At cardinal temperatures of 10°C (base temperature below which pearl millet development ceases), 33°C (optimal temperature for development) and 45°C (maximum temperature at and above which no development takes place), the crop required 1490–1794°Cd thermal time to reach physiological maturity. The thermal time requirement for different developmental stages was influenced by the sowing time and moisture availability during the growing season of the crop.
The leaf tip appearance on the main shoot of pearl millet in relation to thermal time was almost linear under both moisture conditions requiring about 44–50°Cd ± 2.6 °Cd leaf⁻¹, till the appearance of the flag (last) leaf. However, leaf tip appearance on primary tillers was slightly slower and required 53-58°Cd ± 4.7°Cd for each new leaf. Appearance of first primary tiller was later (at 320°Cd after emergence) under the rainfed condition as compared to the crop under the optimal moisture (at 250°Cd).Thereafter, the tiller appearance in relation to thermal time under both moisture conditions was at a linear rate of about 53-56°Cd ± 9.5°Cd tiller⁻¹.
Effect of microclimatic variations, canopy temperature, radiation and photoperiod on the phenology-thermal time relationships have been discussed under both the moisture conditions.     

热水溶出茧层丝胶蛋白的结构变化

对不同时间热水溶出的茧层丝胶的氨基酸组成、热分解温度和分子结构等进行了测定分析．结果表明，随着热水溶出时间的延长，茧层丝胶蛋白中的酸性氨基酸因易溶于水而略有下降，热分解温度因受取向性、结晶性的影响而有所增高，分子结构也由无规则卷曲转化为β构象．丝胶蛋白被降解而成分子大小不一的混合类型     

Induced thermotolerance and expression of heat shock protein 70 in sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   Thermal limits, induced thermotolerance and the expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in an echinoderm Apostichopus japonicus were studied. The sublethal and lethal temperatures for the juveniles were 30 and 34°C, respectively; a previous sublethal heat shock exposure (30°C, 2 h) could increase the survival rates of the sea cucumbers when they were exposed to 34°C. This induced thermotolerance could last for at least 2 days. Levels of Hsp70 increased substantially after sublethal heat shock exposure and linearly decreased with time. This result indicated that a close relationship existed between the induction of thermotolerance and the levels of Hsp70 in A. japonicus.     

热力架空管道的位移计算

热力架空管道系统在石油化工和城市供热工程中得到广泛的应用，原先热力架空管道的计算没有考虑到位移的非线性因素，不能正确地反映管道和支座的实际受力情况，现结合热力架空管道和支座的受力情况，给出了力学的计算模型，对作用在热力架空管道的载荷进行了分析，结合有限元法和变弹簧系统迭代法，用有限元迭代计算管道的位移，计算结果表明，分析热力架空管道必须考虑位移的非线性因素，同时必须正确考虑支座摩擦力的影响。     

热加工方式对牛乳过敏原αs1-酪蛋白二级结构和抗原性的影响

为探究热加工方式对牛乳过敏原αs1-酪蛋白构象和抗原性的影响,利用间接竞争酶联免疫吸附测定方法、 免疫印迹方法分析不同加热条件下αs1-酪蛋白免疫原性的变化,进而通过8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸荧光探针和圆二色谱分 析其二级结构变化,初步揭示热处理调控过敏原αs1-酪蛋白抗原性的机制。结果表明：在80 ℃、60 min,90 ℃、 10 min,90 ℃、60 min条件下热处理后,αs1-酪蛋白中α-螺旋结构含量显著低于未加热αs1-酪蛋白,在70 ℃、 20 min,80 ℃、20 min,90 ℃、20 min条件下热处理后,αs1-酪蛋白中无规卷曲含量显著增加,70～100 ℃加热 20 min条件下表面荧光强度最强,其他温度-时间条件下二级结构含量变化不显著;αs1-酪蛋白构象的变化导致αs1-酪 蛋白的抗原性显著降低,间接竞争酶联免疫吸附测定显示,在70～100 ℃加热20 min条件下,αs1-酪蛋白的抗原残留 量均较高,而免疫印迹方法显示不同温度-时间条件下αs1-酪蛋白仍具有免疫反应特性,建议进一步通过动物实验揭 示热处理调控αs1-酪蛋白抗原性的机制。     

牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌主要荚膜群和脂多糖基因型两组三重PCR检测方法

为掌握国内牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌流行的主要荚膜群及脂多糖基因型,建立了检测多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pm)及其A、B荚膜群的三重PCR(PmAB-3PCR)以及检测3个脂多糖基因型的三重PCR(LPS-3PCR)方法,检验了其特异性和敏感性,用感染Pm小鼠的组织和人工污染Pm的牛鼻拭子样品进行了临床模拟检验,并对30株P m进行了PCR检测和传统血清学分型比较。结果显示:PmAB-3PCR特异性好,PmAB-3PCR和LPS-3PCR的DNA检测限分别为10~100 pg和1 ng,二者对菌液的检测限分别为200~2000 CFU和2000~20000 CFU。模拟临床样品PmAB-3PCR检测结果与细菌分离结果100%一致。PmAB-3PCR与琼扩试验的符合率为84%,二者检出的阳性率分别为88%和72%,差异不显著(P>0.05);LPS-3PCR与琼扩试验的符合率为60%,检出的阳性率分别为90%和50%,差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,建立的两组三重PCR方法准确高效且重复性好,可取代常规血清学方法用于国内牛巴氏杆菌病的诊断、流调和疫苗株筛选。