天蓝苜蓿组织培养及再生体系的研究

以野生天蓝苜蓿种子发育5～7d无菌苗的子叶、下胚轴和种子苗叶片为外植体,对其愈伤组织诱导及其分化的基本培养与外源激素组合和浓度配比进行试验。结果表明:对子叶、下胚轴和叶片愈伤组织诱导最适宜的基础培养基分别是MS、B5和SH;激素的种类及其浓度配比对于愈伤组织的诱导因不同的外植体有很大的差异。其中,子叶、下胚轴以MS+NAA(0.5～1.0 mg/L)+6-BA(0.7mg/L)效果较好,叶片以SH+NAA(0.5～1.0mg/L)+2,4-D(1.5～5 mg/L)+6-BA(0.7mg/L)较好,少量下胚轴在MS+NAA(0.5mg/L)+6-BA(0.7mg/L)和MS+NAA(0.5mg/L)+KT(0.5 mg/L)的培养基中直接分化出胚状体,并成功发育成植株。在培养基Whb5上,子叶、下胚轴和叶片的分化都得到了很好的效果,分化率分别为43%、57%、40%,15～30d后都能再生植株。     

丘陵旱地农—桐生态工程模式的生态效应分析

对“泡桐—玉米—小麦—棉花”组合的鄂中丘陵旱地“农—桐”生态工程模式的生态效益进行分析,结果表明,与传统的“小麦—芝麻”模式相比,该模式对丘陵旱地农田的风速和土壤水分状况均有显著地改善,能够使风速降低27.70%~45.60%、使土壤中的水分含量在严重干旱的季节平均提高2.10%。另外,该模式对年生长季节的利用增加了132%~141%;对年活动积温(≥10℃)的利用率增加了139.80%~148.90%,这为我国广大丘陵干旱区生态环境的改善提供了一种有效的生态工程技术模式。     

毛乌素沙地农业生态系统分析及评价

针对毛乌素沙地农业生态系统长期处于低而不稳的问题,结合毛乌素沙地农业生态系统自然环境优势,从整体上对毛乌素沙地农业生态系统结构进行了分析和评价。研究表明:毛乌素沙地农业生态系统在种植业上存在粮食生产压力过大、规模效益低下,特色产业开发不够、生态环境逐渐恶化;在养殖业上存在资金和科技投入不足、草畜矛盾突出、生产条件差等问题。但该沙地具有光、热、水、风能及土地等自然环境优势。因此,应大力调整种植业和养殖业结构,充分利用自然资源。并采取农牧结合、农林结合和沙区绿洲型发展模式,建立可持续发展的毛乌素沙地农业生态系统。     

人口-耕地-粮食互动关系与区域可持续发展——以陕西省为例

人口-耕地-粮食的互动关系是表征可持续发展的重要侧面。本文以陕西省为例,分析了该省近50多年相关统计数据,认为陕西省目前的状况是:耕地人口密度大大超过其承载力;人均粮食占有量不足,粮食供给紧张;人口老龄化问题使系统的矛盾更为复杂化。依据预测理论,构建出系统相关因子模型,对该系统未来15年的动态进行了预测。结果表明,如果按照传统的经济增长模式发展下去,耕地安全、粮食安全、生态安全问题将会并发,严重制约区域的可持续发展。据此,作者提出了相应的对策与建议:从人口数量、结构及质量等多方面减轻人口问题的压力;完善耕地保护制度与提高耕地质量并行;增加农业科技投资,发展生物技术,提高粮食单产;发展阳光农业,改善农业生态环境等。     

油料向日葵根系生态与生理特性分析

长期以来对作物地上部分的结构功能和叶光系统进行了大量研究,对向日葵的根系发育规律的研究相对较少,盐渍化地区向日葵根系发育规律的研究就更少。为了有效地研究油料向日葵根系吸水过程和根系分布的关系,本文对向日葵根系生长发育规律和根系密度分布进行研究。     

Analysis of the gacS-gacA regulatory genes of spontaneous mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol strain PfG32R

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain PfG32R, a potential biocontrol agent against soilborne pathogens, frequently loses its antifungal activity and ability to produce enzymes. To characterize genetically the instability of these bacterial functions, we analyzed gacS and gacA genes of PfG32R and three spontaneous mutants of PfG32R (NR1, NR9, and ASW6), which had lost their ability to produce proteases and antifungal activities. The gacS and gacA sequences of PfG32R had 77%–89% and 78%–87% homology, respectively, with several known gacS and gacA homologues. All three spontaneous mutants were subjected to complementation analysis. Introduction of clones containing an intact gacS of PfG32R and another P. fluorescens strain Pf-5 as well as strain tea632 of P. syringae pv. theae complemented all three mutants restoring protease and antifungal activities, indicating a mutation in gacS. In sequencing analysis, the mutants had a deletion or change in amino acids in the conserved sensor kinase domains of GacS. The three mutants maintained both their antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis and siderophore production, indicating that they are not controlled by the GacS/GacA system. The sequences reported in this article have been deposited in the DDBJ database under accession numbers AB219364 and AB219365.     

Appropriateness of inexpensive, hand-held global positioning system units for creating weed maps in a pasture

This paper describes the practical use of a global positioning system receiver (hand-held GPS) as a means of measuring and describing pasture areas invaded by weeds. The accuracy of two GPS units, a hand-held GPS with an external antenna (GPS with an antenna) and the differential global positioning system receiver (DGPS), were examined in Morioka, northern Japan. In addition, an area of weed patches and a pasture, determined using the GPS with an antenna, were compared to the measurements made with a conventional tape and a weed map was created based on the coordinate data of latitude and longitude measurements. The accuracy of the GPS with an antenna was poor (8.3 m); however, the precision of the unit was reasonable in measuring area. An area estimation error by the GPS with an antenna was 7% when practically measuring weed patches of 141 m² and 1% in a paddock of 12 566 m². From these results, it appears that the GPS with an antenna might have an acceptable error in measuring areas for weed control in a pasture. A weed map produced from the coordinate data surveyed using the GPS with an antenna enables the state of weed growth and its domination in an area of pasture to be visually understood. Therefore, GPS technologies easily can be applied to quickly obtain information on weed infestation.     

基于颠茄发根的外源基因表达系统的建立

 用携带植物高效表达载体pCAMBIA1304 ⁺ “解除武装”的重组C58C1工程菌转化颠茄无菌苗真叶, 发根诱导率达100%。PCR检测证实发根型质粒pRiA4和表达型质粒pCAMBIA1304 ⁺均能整合到颠茄发根基因组内, 共转化率达30%。建立了基于颠茄发根的高效外源基因表达系统, 为将托品烷类生物碱东莨菪碱的生物合成关键酶基因导入颠茄, 实现其次生代谢工程及开展分子育种奠定了基础。     

Evaluation of the efficiency of alternative two-tier nucleus breeding systems designed to improve meat sheep in Kenya

A deterministic approach was used to genetically and economically evaluate the efficiency of five two‐tier nucleus breeding systems for meat sheep in Kenya. The nucleus breeding systems differed in terms of whether the system was closed or open, in the type of animals that were involved in the movement of genetic superiority and in the number of selection pathways in each system. These systems were compared under four alternative breeding objectives based on monetary genetic gain and profit per ewe. The first objective simulated a situation where the flock size cannot be increased due to non‐feed related constraints (FLOCK). The second specifically assumed that the flock size is restricted due to limited amount of feed resources (FEED). The third and fourth objectives assumed that sheep performed only tangible roles (TR) and both tangible and intangible roles (IR) in the production system respectively. Monetary genetic gains were highest for all objectives in an open nucleus system with a certain proportion of commercial‐born ewes being introduced in the nucleus while at the same time utilizing young rams from the nucleus to breed sires and dams for the nucleus and commercial sector (ONyre). Utilizing young rams in a closed nucleus system for the dissemination of superior genes resulted in higher annual monetary genetic gain than utilization of old rams. Profit per ewe was significantly higher for FLOCK and IR in ONyre. In a closed system that allowed for downward movement of dams from the nucleus to the commercial sector to breed sires and dams, profit per ewe was highest for FEED and TR. The success of a nucleus breeding system should also focus on the profitability and logistics of establishing it. The implication of these results on the choice of two‐tier nucleus breeding systems for the improvement of meat sheep is discussed.     

辣(甜)椒抗黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)研究进展

黄瓜花叶病毒病(CMV)是为害辣(甜)椒的重要病毒,国内外对其研究较多。通过综述CMV的株系分化、抗性遗传、分子标记、抗CMV基因工程以及抗CMV育种等方面的研究结果和报道,旨在为辣(甜)椒抗CMV育种提供参考依据。