解钾细菌与黏土矿物协同促进玉米生长提高土壤养分有效性

为了揭示解钾细菌在西北矿区浅埋古河道土壤中对植物生长和土壤养分利用的影响,通过日光温室短期盆栽的方式,以不同黏土矿物配比的人工培土为基质模拟古河道不同质地土壤,以西北地区常见农作物玉米为宿主,研究解钾细菌在人工培土基质中的微生物数量变化规律,以及二者协同作用对玉米生长和矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明:1)土壤黏土矿物含量增大有利于提高土壤解钾细菌数量,促进微生物活性。当黏土矿物质量分数为68%,速效钾质量分数约170 mg/kg时,解钾细菌数量最大;2)玉米地上部分干质量、根冠比、根系活力随黏土矿物含量增大而增大,以解钾细菌作用下黏土矿物质量分数68%的玉米生长效果最佳;3)在解钾细菌作用下,植物氮磷钾积累量和土壤养分利用的最佳土壤黏土矿物质量分数为45%、68%和75%,土壤钾素、氮素和磷素最大利用率分别达到65%、53%和17%;4)解钾细菌在土壤钾素含量低时促进土壤磷素吸收,土壤钾素过量时,促进土壤氮磷钾的吸收,提高土壤养分利用率。因此,土壤黏土矿物与解钾细菌相互作用,而且积极影响植物生长和土壤养分的吸收利用,这对进一步探寻适合矿区浅埋古河道土壤的微生物复垦技术,深入改良和开发矿区退化土壤具有重要意义。     

野乔菜替代部分基础日粮对从江香猪肌肉脂肪酸及氨基酸的影响

试验旨在探究野乔菜替代部分基础日粮对从江香猪肌肉脂肪酸和氨基酸的影响。选取体重约20 kg的从江香猪40头,随机分为4个组,每组10头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验前期试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别以野乔菜替代10%、20%和30%的基础日粮,试验后期分别用野乔菜替代20%、30%和40%的基础日粮。育肥期结束后,每组随机抽取3头屠宰,取背最长肌用于脂肪酸和氨基酸测定。结果显示:①野乔菜替代不同比例基础日粮对从江香猪肌肉脂肪酸含量有一定影响。与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组亚油酸、试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组亚麻酸、试验Ⅱ组花生二烯酸和试验Ⅰ组花生四烯酸分别提高了54.69%、43.57%、62.50%、25.00%和127.10%;各试验组中,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)及必需脂肪酸(EFA)总含量均高于对照组(P>0.05)。②野乔菜替代部分基础日粮对氨基酸含量有一定影响。对照组天门冬氨酸显著低于试验Ⅰ(P<0.05)、极显著低于Ⅲ组(P<0.01);试验Ⅲ组甘氨酸显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05),且高于对照组(P>0.05),甲硫氨酸、赖氨酸含量分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05)和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组EAA/TAA显著低于其他3组(P<0.05)。综上所述,野乔菜替代部分基础日粮能在一定程度上提高从江香猪肌肉PUFA和EFA含量,显著提高了部分氨基酸含量。     

覆膜开孔条件下新疆地区潜水蒸发及水热关系研究

【目的】分析不同覆膜开孔率对潜水蒸发和地温的影响,并揭示水热之间的关系。【方法】2012-07-29-09-13,在新疆库尔勒巴州灌溉试验站,采用潜水蒸发试验,研究覆膜开孔率分别为0.78%,2.40%,4.80%和100%时,潜水蒸发和0~20cm土层地温的变化,并分析了潜水蒸发与地温的关系。【结果】单位面积累积潜水蒸发量、潜水蒸发系数均随着覆膜开孔率的增加而增大,覆膜开孔率为0.78%,2.40%,4.80%时对应的蒸发抑制率分别为71.27%,70.44%和65.51%。单位面积累积潜水蒸发量与覆膜开孔率和时间之间呈复杂的幂函数关系;一天当中的潜水蒸发主要集中在20:00-0:00和04:00-10:00,而12:00-18:00的潜水蒸发速率接近于0;相同土层深度下地温变幅随覆膜开孔率的增加而增大。覆膜开孔率相同时,地温变幅随着土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,覆膜开孔率越小,土壤表层的温度变幅越小;同时,土壤剖面温度上高下低时,潜水蒸发受到抑制,反之则有利于潜水蒸发。【结论】覆膜能够有效抑制蒸发并减小土壤温度变幅,晚上潜水蒸发大于白天,这与新疆地区土壤剖面温度的变化密切相关。     

CCFL光源不同光质比对铁皮石斛原球茎增殖及试管苗生长的影响

以铁皮石斛原球茎及试管苗为试材,采用冷阴极荧光灯(CCFL)光源的白光(W)、红光(100%R)、蓝光(100%B)、60%R+40%B、70%R+30%B、80%R+20%B 6种不同光质配比,以普通荧光灯(PGFL)作为对照,探讨不同光源及不同光质比处理对铁皮石斛原球茎增殖及试管苗生长状况的影响。结果表明:铁皮石斛原球茎在光质比为70%R+30%B处理下增殖效果最好,增殖率为89.01%,比对照提高40.0个百分点。株高随红光比例的增加呈升高趋势,100%R处理达到最大值(53.25mm),比对照提高21.05%。叶数、最大叶宽和根数均在60%R+40%B处理下达到最大值,分别为7.6片、9.95mm、6.9条,比对照提高38.18%、60.48%、27.78%。最大叶长和根长均在80%R+20%B处理下达到最大值,分别为25.52mm和43.91mm,比对照提高2.33%、104.14%。总鲜质量、总干质量均以70%R+30%B处理时最大,分别为1.203 9g和0.104 8g,比对照提高189.05%、113.44%。60%R+40%B处理下叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素a/b、根系活力和可溶性糖含量均达到最大值,分别为0.80mg/g、0.34mg/g、2.35、297.66μg/(g.h)、43.35%,比对照提高33.33%、30.77%、1.73%、150%和12.36个百分点。CCFL红蓝光比例为6∶4时,更有利于铁皮石斛试管苗光合作用以及干物质和糖的积累。     

绿道体育协同发展问题分析——以珠三角为例

运用文献资料、博弈分析、逻辑推理等方法,对珠三角绿道体育发展的协同问题进行了模型分析。研究结果表明,绿道体育的发展涉及方方面面,社会心理因素错综复杂,绿道体育文化各抒己见,绿道网络建设区域分属不同,绿道体育发展存在突出的协同问题,需要构建协同发展模式,平衡各方利益关系,使绿道体育具备可持续发展的现实基础,符合幸福广东建设的客观要求。     

Phosphorus Fertilizer Requirements and Nutrient Uptake of Irrigated Dry‐Season Cotton Grown on Virgin Soil in Tropical Australia

Abstract

Considerable amounts of phosphorus (P) fertilizer will be required on soils in the proposed Ord Stage II area of northwestern Australia if a sustainable dry‐season, cotton‐production system is to be established, because in their virgin state, the soils are known to be inherently low in P. This study aimed to determine P‐fertilizer requirements on these soils to optimize cotton yield as well as nutrient uptake. Five rates of P fertilizer were applied to soil recently cleared of trees and prepared for irrigation. In the second year, these same rates were imposed over the trial. It was concluded that the application of 60 kg ha^?1 of P was sufficient to allow maximum yield and quality for dry‐season cotton grown in the first season on virgin soils in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA), and a total of 80 kg ha^?1 of P was required when cotton was grown over two seasons.     

Triticale,wheat, and rye growth rates and mineral accumulation at various growth stages

Abstract

Cultivars of triticale, wheat, and rye were grown with different N‐fertilizer rates and sampled at various maturity stages in 1975 to 1977. ‘6TA 131’ triticale, ‘Arthur’ wheat, and ‘Abruzzi’ rye were used as checks. Increasing N fertilizer rates increased dry matter and N accumulation in the above‐ground plant parts. However, after flowering losses of dry matter and N from the plants increased with N fertilizer rates. Triticale and rye generally absorbed more N from the soil than wheat. Triticale and wheat straw had higher P concentrations than rye. The head/straw concentration ratios were: triticale and rye>wheat for P, wheat>triticale and rye for K while Ca and Mg ratios were triticale>wheat>rye.     

Fertilizer effects on yield,mineral and amino acid composition,dietary fibre content and nutritive value of leeks

In pot experiments with greatly differing rates of N, P, S, K and Ca, dry matter (DM) yields of leek stems varied from 25 to 164 g/pot. Total-N and NO₃-N concentrations varied from 1.18 to 3.56% and from 10 to 1515 ppm in DM, respectively. Both N applications and P and K deficiency greatly increased total-N and NO₃-N content. S applications increased total-S content from 0.047 to 0.359% in DM, of which between approximately 100 to 25% were found in methionine+cystine. Total-N/total-S ratios decreased from 57 to 6 with the highest S level. P and K applications increased their respective content in DM two- and threefold. Severe Ca deficiency reduced Ca content from 0.495 to 0.045%. Iron, zinc, manganese and copper contents varied from 33–69, 14–26, 11–34 and 3.1–5.7 ppm in DM, respectively. Increasing N contents, whether due to N applications or P or K deficiency, decreased the content of all essential and some other amino acids in crude protein. Both S and severe P deficiency had a pronounced negative effect on amino acid composition and chemical score. Only glutamic acid (glutamine) and arginine were increased by increasing N contents. However, expressed as g/kg DM the concentrations of all amino acids were positively correlated with protein content. S and P deficiency reduced total dietary fibre (TDF) content of DM from 28.3 to 18.6% and 17.4%, respectively, of which between 53 and 60% were insoluble dietary fibre (IDF). Digestible energy (DE) was positively correlated with protein content (r=0.90**). In N-balance trials with rats, increasing protein concentrations (50% of total protein given as casein and supplemented with 1% methionine) raised the true digestibility (TD) of the protein from 44 to 72%. The biological value (BV) of protein was generally high, with a mean of 91.7 N deficiency tended to increase and S deficiency tended to decrease the BV.     

U形渠道圆头量水柱水力性能影响因素研究

【目的】基于临界流原理,研究不同因素对U形渠道圆头量水柱水力性能的影响,为其在我国北方灌区的推广应用提供参考。【方法】对U形渠道上6种喉口收缩比(ε=0.75,0.70,0.63,0.56,0.50,0.44)的圆头量水柱在5种流量(Q=0.015,0.025,0.035,0.045,0.055m3/s)、4种渠道比降(i=1/1 000,1/2 000,1/3 000,1/5 000)下的测流公式、适宜喉口收缩比、水头损失、临界淹没度、测流精度等水力性能进行试验研究。【结果】圆头量水柱的驻点水深与流量间存在良好的指数相关关系,相关系数达0.997。根据试验数据回归分析得到了4种渠道比降的流量计算公式,公式符合量纲和谐原理,满足了测流精度的要求,实测流量与计算流量之间最大误差为6.79%;圆头量水柱的适宜喉口收缩比为0.50~0.70时,上游壅水高度和水头损失均较小,且临界淹没度较高,可达0.90。【结论】圆头量水柱具有结构简单、抗淤堵等优点,适合在我国北方多泥沙水源的渠道中应用。