连作胁迫下大豆对营养元素的吸收

１９９５～１９９６年，研究了在田间条件下，黑土和石灰性黑钙土上连作大豆对营养元素的吸收。试验结果表明，连作胁迫对大豆氮的吸收影响不大；对磷、钾的吸收显著降低；而对钙的吸收量却显著地增加，在石灰性黑钙土上表现得最显著，这与大豆连作障碍的严重程度有极好的相关性。对镁的影响不规律。连作胁迫下大豆对微量元素的吸收一般是呈下降趋势，其中硼的降低最为显著。１９９５年，连作大豆体内铁、锰的含量显著降低，在石灰性黑钙土上极为显著，但１９９６年不具规律性。铜在连作大豆体内含量基本是呈下降趋势，锌在１９９５年不具规律性，但１９９６年两点的结果都表明，连作大豆体内锌含量明显降低。     

不同施肥处理对连作大豆白浆土中氮素形态的影响

试验结果表明,连作大豆长期不施肥和单施氮、磷化肥,白浆土中各形态氮素呈下降趋势,其中氨基酸态氮减少最多,10年间分别降低了148.00%和60.00%。长期施用有机肥和大豆秸秆还田,不仅增加连作大豆白浆土中各形态氮含量,而且改变了土壤氮素组成。     

Response of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to mulching practices under planted greenhouse condition

Mulch is considered a desirable management technology for conserving soil moisture, improving soil temperature and soil quality. This study aimed to investigate soil conditions and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield and quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under such practices in greenhouse condition. A field experiment across 3 years was carried out with four types of mulch (without mulch [CK], wheat straw mulch [SM], plastic film mulch [FM], and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw [CM]). Mulch could improve soil physical properties regardless of mulch materials. FM and CM treatments improved soil moistures status and soil temperature in comparison to CK control, while SM increased soil water content and decreased soil temperature. Mulch increased leaf net photosynthesis rate (P_N), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E), but declined instant water use efficiency (WUEi). No significant effect of mulch application on chlorophyll fluorescence was existent for the entire growth season. Fruit yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) showed some increment under all the mulch conditions. Compared to CK, the yield was enhanced by 82.3%, 65.0%, and 111.5% in 2008; 38.1%, 17.4%, and 46.5% in 2009; and 14.3%, 6.5%, and 19.6% in 2010 under SM, FM, and CM conditions, respectively. Although FM produced better fruit quality than other treatments, CM is the recommended practice for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouse condition due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable yield.     

近30年新疆降水量及雨日的变化特征分析

利用新疆1971-2006年98个气象站的逐日降水资料,研究了新疆年和四季降水量及雨日的气候变化特征。结果表明：新疆多年平均年降水量及雨日的空间分布均为北疆大于南疆,山区大于平原,二者长期变化的空间分布相似程度较低,有些地区甚至完全相反。南疆大部地区降水量的增加主要是由于雨日增加而造成的;北疆大部地区降水量的增加主要是...     

浙江早稻播种育秧期连阴雨发生规律分析

研究了3月中旬－5月上旬浙江省双季早稻育秧期长、中、短连阴雨的时空分布规律，以及年代间演变规律。研究发现：3月中旬－5月上旬，全省连阴雨总的趋势为自北向南增加；在南纬度地区，内陆出现频率大于沿海，浙中南地区所受连阴雨影响大于浙北地区；90年代长连阴雨出现频率地增加，连阴雨是浙江省早稻育秧期间的主要农业气象灾害之一。     

1961-2010年贵州省高温气候的时空分布特征

为贵州防灾减灾以及高温气象灾害风险区域划分提供科学依据,利用1961-2010年贵州省81个气象站的逐日最高气温资料,采用线性趋势分析等方法,研究贵州省近50年高温时空的分布特征。结果表明:近50年来,贵州省年高温日数为7.3d,7-8月出现频率最大,占全年的75.6%;高温日数以0.25d/10a的速率呈较弱的增加趋势,平均最高气温和极端最高温度分别以0.12℃/10a、0.41℃/10a的速率显著增加。多年平均高温日数以铜仁市、黔东南州、黔南州及遵义市北部分布较多,最高值为29.9d。高温日数,黔西南州、黔南州、黔东南州及黔西北的大部分地区呈较小的上升趋势,镇远、铜仁、剑河、兴义、天柱和赤水等较少站点呈下降趋势;极端最高气温有2个极值中心,分别位于黔南的都匀(47.3℃)和黔北的赤水(42.3℃)。     

Effect of Thermal Energy Intensity on Time and Rate of Nitrogen Accumulation by Maize (Zea mays L.)1

The effect of thermal energy intensity (TEI) on the rate of nitrogen (N) accumulation by maize from a Hamerly clay loam soil (Aerie Calciaquoll) was examined with and without supplemental irrigation. Soil- and air-TEI expressed as cumulative growing degree days (GDD) was determined from hourly temperature measurements taken within each plot at soil depths of 0.05-, 0.15-, and 0.3-m and at a height of 1.2-m above ground surface. A daily mean TEI (GDD per day) was calculated for each growth period. Estimates of time coefficient(s), k, in uni- and diphasic tanh[k(time)] functions, plotted against mean TEI for the periods; 1) planting to emergence, 2) emergence to eighth leaf, 3) eighth leaf to time(s) of maximum N accumulation rate, (t₀), 4) planting to t₀, 5) emergence to t₀, 6) first diphasic maximum accumulation rate (t₀₁) to 50 % silking, and 7) silking to second diphasic maximum accumulation rate t₀₂ showed several linear relationships. Uniphasic time coefficients were modelled as functions of air-TEI. The first diphasic time coefficient, k₁ was modelled as a function of pre- and post-emergent soil-TEI. Attempts to model k₂, the second time coefficient of the diphasic model were unsuccessful; however, this time coefficient was linearly related to TEI for the growth period ‘t₀₁, to 50 % silking’ and curvilinearly related to k₁.     

河西走廊东部积雪的时空演变特征分析

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961—2007年近47 a的逐月积雪深度和积雪日数的常规观测资料,分析河西走廊东部最大积雪深度和积雪日数月、季节和年的空间分布以及时间变化特征。结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪日数、最大平均积雪深度和极端最大积雪深度的分布从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区多于低海拔区,山区多于平原区。时间变化上,积雪日数47 a来呈平稳变化趋势,震荡减少,变率很小,积雪深度呈增加趋势;河西走廊东部积雪日数最多出现在1月,最少出现在9月,积雪深度最大出现在3月,最小出现在12月;积雪日数冬季最大,春季次之,秋季最小;积雪深度春季最大,秋季次之,冬季最小;相关系数法分析表明,积雪日数和积雪深度都是冬季的变化主导了年尺度的变化;河西走廊东部积雪日数1990s中期以前以6~7 a、9~10 a和2~3 a的周期为主,1990s中期以后周期主要表现为6~7 a和2~3 a;积雪深度1970s中期以前以6~7 a和2~3 a周期为主,1970s中期~1990s中期9~10 a、12~13 a和2~3 a反应明显,1990s中期以后周期又表现为6~7 a和2~3 a。     

新疆北部汛期降水的变化特征

基于新疆北部1961-2007年43站逐日降水资料,分析汛期降水的变化特征。结果表明：小雨、中雨和大雨的降水日数和降水强度均呈增加和增强的趋势,大雨日数和强度变化显著,尤其在2000年以后。进一步的研究发现,湿时期（1987-2007年）相对干时期（1961-1986年）,新疆北部汛期的总降水量均是增多的,北疆西北部降水量的增多主要是由于小雨和中雨的增加所致,而天山山区及其北麓,伊犁河谷地区降水量的增多是由大雨增加主导。极端干旱事件呈减少趋势,尤其在近10 a处在低发期,极端湿润事件呈增多趋势。     

近50年东北地区极端温度变化趋势

采用东北地区129个气象站1961-2009年的逐日最高、最低气温资料,对东北地区极端最高(低)气温及极端高(低)温日数的变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:东北大部分地区年极端最高气温和年极端最低气温均呈升高趋势,且后者比前者显著,气候倾向率分别为0.9℃/10a和0.1℃/10a;除中部部分地区外,东北地区年极端高温日数随时间变化呈增多趋势,平均每10a增加0.8天;年极端低温日数则主要以减少趋势为主,速率为4.7天/10a。近50年中,东北年极端最高气温和年极端高温日数均无显著突变点,年极端最低气温和年极端低温日数都在1982年发生显著突变。