土壤调盐改良对咸水灌溉冬小麦光合和蒸腾的影响

在天津滨海地区高水位、黏重土壤利用田间小区试验研究土壤调盐改良技术对咸水灌溉的冬小麦光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量指数等生理指标的影响,试验结果表明,冬小麦播种前采用适当土壤调盐改良技术能够提高冬小麦抽穗期、灌浆期的光合速率、叶绿素含量指数,降低气孔导度、蒸腾速率.小麦冬前施用75 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏)有利于提高冬小麦灌浆期的光合速率,有降低抽穗期、灌浆期小麦的蒸腾速率的效果,冬前施用45 kg/100 m2改良剂(20％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+20％沸石粉)对提高冬小麦抽穗期光合速率有利,同时也提高抽穗期小麦的蒸腾速率;土壤调盐改良剂对咸水灌溉冬小麦的气孔导度有明显抑制作用,冬前施用30kg/100 m2改良剂(40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+40％沸石粉)的冬小麦气孔导度与不采用改良措施相比,抽穗期降低52.28％,灌浆期降低39.51％;冬前施用45 kg/100 m2或75 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏)和30 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+40％沸石粉)均能够显著提高抽穗、灌浆期冬小麦的叶绿素含量指数;冬前施用45 kg/100m2改良剂(20％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+20％沸石粉)和30 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+40％沸石粉),即使在较高土壤含盐量也能够使冬小麦光合速率保持在较高水平,使冬小麦蒸腾速率受到土壤含盐量影响不明显.     

叉蕨科6种植物叶表皮特征的观察

利用光学显微镜对叉蕨科(Aspidiaceae)4属6种植物的叶表皮特征进行观察.结果表明:它们的表皮细胞为不规则型,表皮细胞垂周壁呈浅波状或深波状;具6种气孔器类型,即极细胞型、聚合极细胞型、腋下细胞型、聚腋下细胞型、不等细胞型和无规则四细胞型,在气孔器组成上具多型现象,气孔为下生型;气孔指数相近;上、下表皮细胞中含有针晶或单晶;但6种叉蕨科植物在表皮细胞大小、表皮毛的有无、气孔大小和气孔密度、晶体的类型上存在一定的差异.     

四倍体刺槐与刺槐光合速率日变化差异

为了解四倍体刺槐与刺槐光合生理生态特性的差异,及生长的适宜生态条件,培育出优质高产的林木,采用LI—6400便携式光合测定系统对四倍体刺槐和刺槐的光合生理特性日变化进行了研究。结果表明:①四倍体刺槐的净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈"单峰"型曲线,最高峰值出现在10:30左右;刺槐的Pn日变化呈"双峰型"曲线,有明显的"午休"现象,第一个峰出现在9:00左右,第二个峰出现在15:00左右,第一个峰值明显高于第二个峰值。②Tr在很大程度上决定于气孔的活动状态。③四倍体刺槐的光合能力>刺槐。④四倍体刺槐与刺槐的Pn与Gs成极显著正相关,与Tr成显著性正相关。⑤刺槐对环境的适应能力强于四倍体刺槐。     

植物水分利用效率的影响因子研究综述

在概述植物水分利用效率(WUE)及其层次和测定、计算方法的基础上,介绍了影响植物WUE的内部因素(包括植物种类和品种、叶片解剖结构及生理生化特征等)和外部因素(包括气象、土壤、生物因素等),以及各自的作用机理,尤其是对气孔不均匀关闭、影响Δ13C在田间条件下表现较差的原因、冠层和叶边界层对植物WUE产生的效应及其作用原理进行了探讨,并提出了今后植物WUE研究的重点和方向。     

水分和CO2对玉米光合性能及水分利用率的影响

利用环境生长室探讨不同CO₂浓度和土壤水分亏缺处理下玉米植株生物量、气孔形态与分布特征、叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数等生长及生理指标的变化规律。以‘郑单958’ 玉米品种为试材,利用环境生长室设置2个CO₂浓度和4个土壤水分梯度对玉米进行CO₂浓度和水分处理。结果表明：1）不同程度土壤水分亏缺均显著降低玉米地上生物量（P<0.05）,但CO₂浓度升高增加了轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米地上生物量（P<0.01）和总生物量（P<0.01）。2）大气CO₂浓度升高导致轻度和中度水分亏缺条件下玉米的净光合速率（P_n）分别提高15.8%（P<0.05）和25.7%（P=0.001）,而CO₂浓度升高却降低了玉米叶片蒸腾速率（P<0.001）和气孔导度（P<0.001）,最终导致玉米瞬时水分利用效率均显著提高（P<0.001）。3）不同水分处理对玉米叶片气孔密度和单个气孔形态特征均造成显著影响（P<0.01）。因此,大气CO₂浓度升高可以增加轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片氮含量、叶片非结构性碳水化合物含量和光合电子传递速率,从而提高玉米植株的生物量累积以及叶片碳同化能力和水分利用效率。研究结果将为深入理解气候变化背景下玉米对大气CO₂浓度升高和土壤水分亏缺的生理生态响应机制提供科学依据。     

Regulation of root-to-leaf Na and Cl transport and its association with photosynthetic activity in salt-tolerant soybean genotypes

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity is a major constraint to sustainable crop production. Genetic improvements are needed for growing soybean in salinity-prone environments. Salt-tolerant soybean genotypes alleviate a reduction in photosynthesis and growth under saline conditions; however, the detailed mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we aimed to clarify how Na and Cl root-to-leaf transport is quantitatively regulated, and to identify whether photosynthetic tolerance depends on traits associated with either stomata or with mesophyll tissues. Two pairs of pot-grown soybean near-isogenic lines (NILs) consisting of tolerant and susceptible counterparts, derived from a cross between salt-tolerant FT-Abyara and salt-sensitive C01, were subjected to salinity treatment in a rainout greenhouse. Comparison of photosynthetic responses between genotypes indicated that genotypic differences in salinity tolerance depended on the ability for sustained CO₂ assimilation in mesophyll tissues, rather than stomatal conductance. The ratio of photosynthetic rate to intercellular CO₂ concentration (A/Ci) declined exponentially with increasing Na and Cl concentration regardless of genotype, but tolerant genotypes effectively kept both elements at significantly low levels. Under saline conditions, tolerant genotypes reduced Na and Cl content at the two transport pathways: from root to stem, and from stem to leaf, but the reduction of Cl at each pathway was only minor. These results suggest that integrating genetic capacity for Cl transport regulation and osmotic adjustment should be an important target in salinity-tolerance soybean breeding.     

Genotypic Variation of Stomatal Conductance in Relation to Stomatal Density and Length in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Stomatal conductance (g_s) is an important trait responsible for the genotypic difference in gas diffusion for photosynthesis and transpiration in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We measured g_s, stomatal density and stomatal length (guard-cell length) at two weeks before heading for 64 accessions from a rice diversity research set of germplasm (RDRS) and for three high-yielding cultivars (HYC) under field conditions. Considerable variations in g_s, and stomatal length were observed among varieties in RDRS, and it was considered that RDRS covers the species diversity of the stomatal characteristics in rice. When it was compared among the varieties with similar plant earliness, g_s was higher in HYC than in most varieties of RDRS. Stomatal density did not correlate with g_s, and there was a negative correlation between stomatal density and stomatal length. However, noticeable variance existed in the latter relation, where HYC exhibited a higher stomatal density and slightly shorter stomatal length than RDRS. High g_s in HYC is attributable to their high stomatal density and moderate specific stomatal conductance (g_s / stomatal density) while the high-g_s varieties in RDRS tended to have a lower stomatal density and higher specific stomatal conductance. Stomatal length is related to specific stomatal conductance, but there are remarkable differences between these traits. Specific stomatal conductance in HYC has not reached the upper limit for their stomatal size, which raises a possibility of further improvement of HYC in g_s.     

4个核桃品种光合特性的日变化

采用LI 6400便携式光合测定仪,分析鲁光、扎343、强特勒、中林5号4个核桃（Juglans regia）品种光合特性的日变化,以期为核桃的优质高产和规范化生产提供理论依据。结果表明,4个不同的核桃品种净光合速率（Pn）日变化均呈现双峰曲线,且在14:00均出现显著的“午休”现象;强特勒、中林5号较鲁光和扎343更早地受到了光抑制。4个核桃品种Pn与光合有效辐射（PAR）均存在显著正相关,相关系数由大到小依次为扎343>强特勒>鲁光>中林5号。     

Water relations of Eucalyptus nitens × Eucalyptus grandis: is there interclonal variation in response to experimentally imposed water stress?

This study tested the hypothesis that water stress increases the hydraulic efficiency of Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis saplings as a result of osmotic and elastic adjustments. Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis clones (NH00, NH58, NH69 and NH70) were potted in coarse river sand supplemented with a slow-release fertiliser, drip-irrigated four times daily and exposed to full sunlight for eight months. Thereafter, irrigation was withheld twice for seven consecutive days from half of the saplings of each clone, with a seven-day recovery period (regular irrigation) in-between. Relative soil moisture content did not correlate with stomatal conductance (g_s) at pre-dawn and at midday. Leaves of plants subjected to the water-stress treatment wilted in 7 d, and the reduction in g_s was significant at midday with no significant differences between clones. Stomatal conductance and all traits derived from pressure-volume graphs (e.g. osmotic potential at full turgor) were constant in the control treatment. There were no clear patterns in osmotic and elastic adjustments in both treatments. Root hydraulic conductance was constant between treatments and clones. However, water stress reduced shoot hydraulic conductance and stem hydraulic conductivity with significant interclonal effects. Plant biomass, leaf area and leaf weight ratio were significantly lower in the water-stressed plants, but there were no differences between the clones. In conclusion, the water-stress treatment did not introduce significant differences in stomatal conductance and tissue-water relations of Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis clones. Interclonal variation in water-stress response was found in shoot hydraulic traits, and clone NH58 may be more suitable for planting across sites prone to moderate water stress.