南方丘陵区油茶气孔导度模型修正

为探求南方丘陵地区油茶叶片气孔导度最优响应模型,该研究于2020年和2021年对油茶叶片的气孔导度、净光合速率、CO2浓度等参数进行观测,运用9种不同组合的Jarvis模型以及2种不同CO2浓度（叶片CO2浓度和胞间CO2浓度）计算的Ball-Woodrow-Berry（BWB）模型和Ball-Berry-Leuning（BBL）模型对油茶叶片气孔导度进行模拟,并引入油茶叶片叶气温差、气孔内外CO2浓度差对Jarvis模型和BBL模型进行修正和比较。结果表明：去除土壤水分函数提高了Jarvis模型的模拟效果,说明在南方丘陵区利用Jarvis模型时可以忽略土壤水分这一因子的影响。Jarvis-8模型以及用叶片CO2浓度计算出的BWB和BBL模型对油茶气孔导度模拟效果较好。在三种经典模型中,BBL模型的相关系数最大（R2=0.76）,绝对值平均误差最小（0.015）,说明其对油茶气孔导度模拟的效果较好。在引入两种参数后,叶气温差对Jarvis-8模型和BBL模型的模拟效果有所提高,但不显著;气孔内外CO2浓度差对Jarvis-8模型无明显改变,但显著提高了BBL模型的精度,引入气孔内外CO2浓度差后的BBL-C模型相关系数从BBL模型的0.76提高到了0.95,模型斜率非常接近于1（1.004）,模拟结果贴近于实测的气孔导度值,很好地模拟了2020年（R2=0.92）和2021年（R2=0.95）油茶生长关键期的叶片气孔导度值以及不同场景下的油茶气孔导度日变化值。因此推荐引入气孔内外CO2浓度差的 BBL模型作为南方丘陵区油茶叶片气孔导度响应模型。研究结果可为南方丘陵区油茶气孔导度模型选取提供参考依据。     

黄土丘陵区垂直陡壁表面不同类型生物土壤结皮养分与微生物养分限制特征

生物土壤结皮的发育类型对土壤养分和微生物代谢起着重要作用。为进一步明确在生物结皮发育过程中微生物的限制性养分与影响因素,研究选择黄土丘陵区垂直陡壁表面上的裸土(CK)、浅色藻结皮(LA)、深色藻结皮(DA)、藻藓混合结皮(AM)和藓结皮(M)为研究对象,分析了不同生物土壤结皮类型下碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分状况与胞外酶活性,并通过胞外酶化学计量来量化微生物的代谢限制。结果表明:LA,DA,AM和M这4种类型生物土壤结皮C,N,P养分含量和微生物生物量C,N,P均显著高于CK(p<0.05),并且SOC,TN,TP和微生物生物量C,N,P随CK,LA,DA,AM和M的顺序逐渐增大,藓结皮微生物量C,N,P分别是CK处理的18.3,27.6,14.1倍。生物土壤结皮的发育显著提高了C,N,P循环酶的活性,冗余分析结果表明土壤养分与酶活性密切相关。此外,通过酶计量的矢量模型结果来看,生物土壤结皮的发育造成微生物相对碳限制的增大与相对磷限制的减小,并受到速效养分含量的影响。偏最小二乘路径模型结果也表明生物土壤结皮的类型会间接影响微生物的代谢限制。总的来说,生物土壤结皮类型的变化会改善土壤养分状况与微生物量等性质,养分资源的供应状况会造成微生物养分代谢的变化。     

我国松花菜出口应对日本“肯定列表制度”研究

选取十字花科甘蓝属的松花菜作为研究对象,对比了我国松花菜的农药最大残留限量标准与日本的异同,并从涉及的农药的种类、残留限量值及农药超标原因综合分析方面提出了对策。     

蝴蝶兰倍性与叶部和花部性状的相关性

【目的】研究蝴蝶兰Phalaenopsis倍性与主要性状的相关性.【方法】采用压片法对85份蝴蝶兰资源的倍性进行了鉴定,测量了这些资源的气孔长度、气孔密度、叶长、叶宽、叶厚、花朵直径和花朵数.【结果和结论】85份蝴蝶兰资源中3份为二倍体,占3.5%;9份为三倍体,占10.6%;73份为四倍体,占85.9%.四倍体蝴蝶兰的气孔长度和花朵直径显著大于二倍体和三倍体,而气孔密度和花朵数显著少于二倍体和三倍体(P0.05).三倍体蝴蝶兰的气孔长度、花朵直径和花朵数与二倍体蝴蝶兰差异均不显著(P0.05),但气孔密度显著小于二倍体(P0.05).四倍体蝴蝶兰的叶长显著大于二倍体(P0.05),但二倍体与三倍体、三倍体与四倍体在叶长上差异不显著(P0.05).二倍体、三倍体和四倍体在叶宽和叶厚上差异均不显著(P0.05).蝴蝶兰倍性与气孔长度、叶长和花朵直径呈极显著的正相关关系,与气孔密度和花朵数呈极显著的负相关关系.     

油料植物红皮糙果茶与油茶叶片光合特性研究

为探明油料植物红皮糙果茶（Camellia crapnelliana Tutcher）光合作用日变化体征,为其科学栽培提供理论依据, 采用Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定红皮糙果茶和油茶（Camellia oleifera L.）的光合生理特性及环境因子的日变化,并进行分析研究。结果表明,在晴天条件下红皮糙果茶净光合速率曲线呈双峰状,自9:10至13:10期间有一个长达4 h的高效光合平台期（19.7～20.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）,最大值为20.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。气孔导度日变化与油茶相似呈单峰曲线于13:10达到峰值0.22 mmol·m^-2·s^-1,但其蒸腾速率整体高于油茶。油茶无明显光合“午休”现象,净光合速率最大值出现在中午11:10,为20.1 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。相比之下红皮糙果茶光合作用时间较长,总光合产率较高。     

Supply of tree-holes limits nest density of cavity-nesting birds in primary and logged subtropical Atlantic forest

Tree cavities are proposed to limit populations and structure communities of cavity-nesting birds. Although the greatest diversity of cavity-nesting birds is found in tropical and subtropical moist forests, little is known about how tropical logging affects the abundance of cavities or cavity-nesting birds. We compared the abundance of cavities and cavity nests between primary and selectively-logged subtropical moist Atlantic forest in Argentina, and conducted the first before-after controlled nest-box addition experiment to determine whether nest sites limit the breeding density of cavity-nesting birds in tropical or subtropical moist forest. Visual inspection of 86 cavities identified through ground-surveys revealed that only 19% were suitable for nesting birds, suggesting that cavity abundance may be overestimated in the literature on tropical forests. Suitable cavities were found in fewer than 1% of 1156 trees <60 cm dbh but 20% of 20 trees >100 cm dbh. Logged forest had half the basal area of primary forest, one third the density of large trees, nine times fewer cavities suitable for nesting birds, and 17 times fewer active nests. When we added nest boxes, nesting density increased on treatment plots but not on control plots in both logged and primary forest, suggesting that cavity supply can limit nest density even in relatively undisturbed forest. This is the first experiment to show how reduced cavity supply in logged tropical forest can limit breeding density of cavity-nesting birds. International initiatives such as forest certification should promote tropical timber management strategies that conserve large live cavity-bearing trees.     

Disentangling effects of habitat diversity and area on orthopteran species with contrasting mobility

Loss of semi-natural grasslands and reduction of habitat diversity are considered major potential threats to arthropod diversity in agricultural landscapes. The main aim of this study was to investigate how area and habitat diversity, mediated by shrub encroachment after grassland abandonment, affect species richness of orthopterans in island-like grasslands, and how contrasting mobility might alter species richness response to both factors. We selected 35 isolated patches in landscapes dominated by arable land (durum wheat) in order to obtain two statistically uncorrelated gradients: (i) one in habitat area ranging from 0.2 to 55 ha and (ii) one in habitat diversity ranging from patches dominated by one habitat (either open grasslands or shrublands) to patches with a mosaic of different habitats. Habitat loss due to land-use conversion into arable fields was associated with a substantial loss of species with a positive species-area relationship (SAR), with sedentary species having a steeper and stronger SAR than mobile species. Halting habitat loss is, therefore, needed to avoid further species extinctions. Shrub encroachment, triggered by abandonment, presented a hump-shaped relationship with habitat diversity. An increase in habitat diversity enhanced species richness irrespective of patch area and mobility. Maintaining or enhancing habitat diversity, by cutting or burning small sectors and by reintroducing extensive sheep grazing into abandoned grassland, are suggested as complementary strategies to mitigate further decline of orthopteran diversity in the remnant patches. This would be equally important in both small and large patches.     

Infrared Thermal Imaging as a Rapid Tool for Identifying Water‐Stress Tolerant Maize Genotypes of Different Phenology

The main task of this research was to evaluate canopy temperature and Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) by assessing genotype variability of maize performance for different water regimes. To that end, three hundred tropical and subtropical maize hybrids with different phenology in terms of date of anthesis were evaluated. The influence of phenology on the change in canopy temperatures and CWSI was not equal during the three dates of measurement. At the end of vegetative growth (82 days after sowing, DAS) and at the blister stage (DAS 97), a high significant difference in temperatures and CWSI (P < 0.001) were obtained between the early‐ and late‐maturity genotypes. During anthesis (DAS 89), phenology had a significant effect (P < 0.01) only for the well‐watered genotypes, while under water‐stress conditions, no differences were found between early and late genotypes in terms of canopy temperature and CWSI. High significant differences (P < 0.001) in stomatal conductance (g_s) between early and late genotypes for different treatments were observed. A relationship (R² = 0.62) between g_s and canopy temperature was obtained. Under a water‐stress canopy, temperature was measured at anthesis, which was negatively correlated with grain yield of the early (r = ?0.55)‐ and late (r = ?0.46)‐maturity genotypes in the water‐stressed condition.     

Potassium deficiency impedes elevated carbon dioxide‐induced biomass enhancement in well watered or drought‐stressed bread wheat

Potassium (K) deficiency reduces photosynthesis and biomass production of crop plants and also renders them vulnerable to drought stress, whereas elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) has a positive effect on photosynthesis and yield and ameliorates the adverse effects of drought stress. This study aimed to characterize the physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stressed with K deficiency under elevated CO₂ and drought conditions. Increased biomass production caused by elevated CO₂ as a consequence of increased photosynthesis and water use efficiency was absent in young K‐deficient wheat plants. Shoot K concentration was negatively affected by elevated CO₂ particularly under K‐deficient conditions, whereas K content per plant was greatest in plants supplied with adequate K and adequate water. Specific leaf weight was increased as a consequence of carbohydrate accumulation in the source leaves of K‐deficient plants particularly under elevated CO₂ and drought stress. Potassium deficiency clearly impeded the impact of elevated CO₂ in both well watered as well as drought‐stressed plants. Adequate K fertilization is a prerequisite for efficient harvesting of atmospheric CO₂ through increased photosynthesis, decreased transpiration, and increased biomass production under changing atmospheric CO₂ and soil moisture conditions.     

Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The Andean seed crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown under drought and other adverse conditions that constrain crop production in the Andes, and it is regarded as having considerable tolerance to soil drying. The objective of this research was to study how chemical and hydraulic signalling from the root system controlled gas exchange in a drying soil in quinoa. It was observed that during soil drying, relative g_s and photosynthesis A_max (drought stressed/fully watered plants) equalled 1, until the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) decreased to 0.82 ± 0.152 and 0.33 ± 0.061, respectively, at bud formation, indicating that photosynthesis was maintained after stomata closure. The relationship between relative g_s and relative A_max at bud formation was represented by a logarithmic function (r² = 0.79), which resulted in a photosynthetic water use efficiency WUE_Amax_/gs$\text{WU}{\text{E}}_{A_{\text{max}}/g_{\text{s}}}$ of 1 when FTSW > 0.8, and increased by 50% with soil drying to FTSW 0.7–0.4. Mild soil drying slightly increased ABA in the xylem. It is concluded that during soil drying, quinoa plants have a sensitive stomatal closure, by which the plants are able to maintain leaf water potential (ψ_l) and A_max, resulting in an increase of WUE. Root originated ABA plays a role in stomata performance during soil drying. ABA regulation seems to be one of the mechanisms utilised by quinoa when facing drought inducing decrease of turgor of stomata guard cells.