佛山市某工业区周边蔬菜地土壤重金属含量与评价

采集并分析测试佛山市某工业区周边蔬菜地土壤.研究土壤Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的含量和分布特征,按照国家土壤环境质量二级标准对其现状进行评价;并采用连续提取的方法分析了表层土壤Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的化学形态分布.结果表明,研究区域20%的土壤样品受到重金属轻度污染,污染因子主要为Cd.土壤中Zn和Cu以残渣态所占比例最高,Pb和Cd分别以铁锰氧化物结合态和酸可提取态所占的比例最高,Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd非残渣态所占比例随着全量的增加而增加,Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd迁移能力依次为Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb.人类活动已导致该工业区周边农业土壤中Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的明显积累,且土壤重金属明显向深层迁移.     

伊通河(长春市区段)沉积物重金属元素化学形态分布特征

对伊通河（长春市区段）沉积物中重金属元素的含量和形态的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,重金属元素的总量呈现出沿河变化的趋势,且各重金属元素沿河变化程度有很大区别;沉积物中铁主要以残渣态存在,Mn、Pb、Cu、Zn元素残渣态含量很低,而有效态含量却很大（70%）,即伊通河沉积物中存在着潜在的重金属污染。沉积物中重金属在各形态的叠加也有所区别,Pb和Cu主要叠加在有机物态和残渣态中,而Zn则主要叠加在铁锰氧化物态中。     

三峡库区沉积物中重金属化学形态分布特征与相关性分析

为全面了解三峡库区干支流沉积物中重金属的赋存形态,更好地为评价及保护三峡库区水生态环境提供科学依据,于2015年6月在三峡库区采集沉积物样品67个,通过ICP-MS等仪器测定了沉积物中各重金属元素的不同赋存形态量,运用SPSS、Matlab统计分析软件对重金属赋存形态进行对比分析。结果表明,库区表层沉积物中Cr、Ni元素主要以残渣态为主(占总量的75%以上);Cu、Zn、As元素主要以残渣态和可还原态为主(合计占总量80%~95%);Cd元素主要以酸可提取态和可还原态为主(分别占总量的55%和23%);Pb元素主要以可还原态和残渣态为主(各占总量的71%和18%)。Cd和Pb元素生物可利用态量较高,均超过该元素的长江沉积物背景值;该种形态下的重金属元素容易进入水体,并且在地球化学条件变化时转化成能被生物吸收和利用的形态,对生物造成较大危害。干流上游段重庆主城区及下游段,渠系河、大宁河、磨刀溪、沿渡河应当是重金属生态危害研究与防治的重点区域。     

Comparative ultrastructural studies onBesnoitia besnoiti andBesnoitia caprae

Comparative transmission electron microscopy onBesnoitia besnoiti and on a strain ofBesnoitia derived from goats in Kenya revealed that the two organisms differ in their pellicle, micropore, microtubules, nucleus, wall-forming body 1 (W1), amount of lipids and amylopectin. Thus the caprine besnoitia is probably a different organism and the termBesnoitia caprae should continue to be used.     

Is the ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) two species? Genetic analysis reveals within‐species divergence associated with plain and spotted morphotype frequencies

The ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) is a marine fish belonging to the family Labridae characterized by 2 main morphotypes that occur in sympatry: spotty and plain. Previous studies have revealed differences in their life‐history traits, such as growth and maturation; however, the genetic relationship between forms is presently unknown. Using 20 recently developed microsatellite markers, we conducted a genetic analysis of 41 and 48 spotty and plain ballan wrasse collected in Galicia (northwest Spain). The 2 morphotypes displayed highly significant genetic differences to each other (F_ST = 0.018, P < 0.0001). A similar degree of genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0.025, P < 0.0001) was shown using the STRUCTURE clustering approach with no priors at K = 2. In this case, the frequency of spotty and plain morphotypes was significantly different (χ² = 9.46, P = 0.002). It is concluded that there is significant genetic heterogeneity within this species, which appears to be highly associated with the spotty and plain forms, but not completely explained by them. Given the previously demonstrated biological differences between morphotypes, and the present genetic analyses, we speculate about the convenience of a taxonomic re‐evaluation of this species.     

An integrated Assessment of a group with complex systematics: the Iberomaghrebian lizard genus Podarcis (Squamata,Lacertidae)

A critical review of the evolutionary biology of Iberian and North African lizard members of the genus Podarcis (Lacertidae) based on phylogeny, phylogeography, morphometrics, behavior, ecology and physiology is presented. The Iberomaghrebian region is inhabited by at least 12 different evolutionary lineages that group into a monophyletic clade (except Podarcis muralis). In contrast to the current taxonomy, the saxicolous ‘Podarcis hispanica’ is paraphyletic with respect to Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis carbonelli, two currently recognized species. Nodes in the phylogenetic tree are deep, resulting from old divergences, clearly preceding the Pleistocene. Nevertheless, more recent range changes as a result of glaciations are also evident. The most plausible evolutionary scenario for this group indicates both vicariant and dispersal events. Although parapatry between lineages is the rule, sympatry and even syntopy are frequent, but usually between ground‐dwelling and saxicolous forms. Contacts between forms with similar habitat use are rare and local. Morphological distinctiveness between lineages has been demonstrated, indicating historical constraints. However, other characters have repeatedly evolved under similar environmental pressures independently of the evolutionary lineage. Strong sexual dimorphism derives from sexual selection and is attained before sexual maturity, although developmental restrictions exist. Variation between populations is also important and derives from local variation in both natural (habitat, climate) and sexual (density) selective pressures. Evidence for short‐term changes has already been found, particularly in insular populations. Reproductive isolation between syntopic forms and partner recognition are based on male—male competition and on visual and chemical recognition of females by conspecific males. Despite this ancient diversification, most forms maintain a degree of reproductive compatibility. Hybridisation may occur, but is limited, and there is evidence of selection against hybrids. The ecological analysis presented here does not support exploitative competition, but rather behavioral interference between forms. Ecomorph classification of lineages suggests character displacement between those with extensive range overlap. Finally, a critical assessment of the specific status of all lineages is provided and directions for further research are suggested.     

根迹土壤根诱导的化学变化对植物吸收重金属的影响

It is increasingly recognized that metal bioavailability is a better indicator of the potential for phytoremediation than the total metal concentration in soils; therefore, an understanding of the inffuence of phytoremediation plants on metal dynamics at the soil-root interface is increasingly vital for the successful implementation of this remediation technique. In this study, we investigated the heavy metal and soil solution chemical changes at field moisture, after growth of either Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) or sunffower (Helianthus annuus L.), in long-term contaminated soils and the subsequent metal uptake by the selected plants. In addition, the fractions of free metal ions in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique. After plant growth soil solution pH increased by 0.2-1.4 units and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased by 1-99 mg L^-1 in all soils examined. Soluble Cd and Zn decreased after Indian mustard growth in all soils examined, and this was attributed to increases in soil solution pH (by 0.9 units) after plant growth. Concentrations of soluble Cu and Pb decreased in acidic soils but increased in alkaline soils. This discrepancy was likely due to a competitive effect between plant-induced pH and DOC changes on the magnitude of metal solubility. The fractions of free Cd and Zn ranged from 7.2% to 32% and 6.4% to 73%, respectively, and they generally decreased as pH and DOC increased after plant growth. Metal uptake by plants was dependant on the soil solution metal concentration, which was governed by changes in pH and DOC induced by plant exudates, rather than on the total metal concentrations. Although plant uptake also varied with metal and soil types, overall soluble metal concentrations in the rhizosphere were mainly inffuenced by root-induced changes in pH and DOC which subsequently affected the metal uptake by plants.     

不同形态的As在代谢途径中相互转化的研究进展

环境中的As污染问题在很多国家和地区都存在,As通过地下水和食物链进入人体造成毒害作用。由于不同形态的As毒性差别很大,因此可以通过调控其存在形态减少其对人或其他生物造成的毒害;了解不同形态的As在生物体中的转化机理和影响因素,就可以采取一定的方法促使其形态发生转化。在此对生物体代谢途径中不同形态As的转化进行了综述。     

凤凰铅锌矿区土壤铅的化学形态及污染特征

以湘西凤凰铅锌矿区土壤为对象,基于BCR三步法和ICP-MS技术,研究了该矿区土壤中Pb的化学形态及污染特征。结果表明,矿区土壤中Pb以残渣态为主,其次为有机-硫化物结合态,酸交换态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态所占比例较少,各形态Pb的分配系数依次为:残渣态(44.0%)>有机-硫化物结合态(29.3%)≈Fe-Mn氧化物结合态(24.3)>酸交换态(2.4%);矿区土壤中各形态Pb含量存在明显的空间分异,并因土地利用类型不同而差异明显;土壤理化性质影响土壤Pb的形态分配,各形态Pb含量与砂粒含量正相关,并随土壤pH升高而增加,这与人为排放输入的含Pb物质以类似于土壤砂粒形式存在有关。人类活动引起的外源输入性Pb污染对矿区土壤中Pb的污染特征产生了重要影响。