当归茎线虫病田间分布型及抽样技术研究

为提高当归茎线虫病(Ditylenchus destructor)田间抽样的准确度,用7种聚集指标判断了当归茎线虫病的田间分布型.结果表明,当归茎线虫病在田间呈聚集分布,其中奈曼分布(核心分布)的适合率为100%,嵌纹分布(负二项分布)的适合率为77.8%.理论抽样数量约820株.4种抽样方法差异均不显著,在保证抽样数量合理的情况下,4种方法均可采用.     

Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil, taking into account spatial variability

As field sampling is time consuming, it is necessary to develop efficient sampling techniques to obtain accurate estimates of the weed seedbank in soil. The relative efficiency between sampling schemes depends on the spatial variability in weed seed density across agricultural fields. Spatial variability of the weed seed density was characterized by theoretical correlograms. A systematic sampling (square grill) scheme was considered and it was found that, taking into account spatial variability, this sampling scheme was more efficient than simple random sampling. As a result, the sample size can be reduced in comparison with that given in previous studies, where spatial correlation was ignored. The reduction depends on the correlation structure defined as a function of the ratio, τ, between the nugget effect and the sill of the variogram. The maximum reduction of the sample size, without loss of either precision or confidence level corresponds to the case where there is no nugget effect, τ = 0. The opposite extreme case, where the reduction is nil, corresponds to the case of a pure nugget effect τ = 1. The abaci based on given expressions are provided to determine the sample size in species whose spatial pattern can be fitted either to a Poisson or to a negative binomial distribution.     

Spatial distribution of Lolium rigidum seedlings following seed dispersal by combine harvesters

This paper considers the relationships between the dispersal of seeds and the distribution pattern of an annual weed. A comparative study of seed dispersal by combine harvesters, with and without a straw chopper attached, was established using Lolium rigidum, a common weed in Mediterranean cereal crops. Seed dispersal distance was quantified and the relationships between dispersal and fine‐scale seedling distribution evaluated. Primary dispersal of L. rigidum seeds occurs in a very limited space around the parent plants, but the density of seed is low because most seeds do not fall from spikes spontaneously. In contrast, many seeds are spread by combine harvesters. In this study the maximum dispersal exceeded 18 m from established stands in cereal fields, although the modal distance was close to the origin. In addition, the action of the combine harvesters tended to accumulate L. rigidum seeds predominantly under the straw swath, with some lateral movement. This action could explain the fine‐scale banded pattern of L. rigidum in cereal fields. Although the treatment of straw by the standard and straw chopper combines differed, the resultant seed distribution showed few differences.     

松嫩平原优势种羊草与其主要伴生种芦苇空间分布格局分析

芦苇是松嫩草地优势种羊草的主要伴生种,两者常常形成物种组成比较单一的混生群落或者与其他物种组成羊草 杂类草群落.选择羊草 芦苇混生群落,羊草群落和芦苇群落的交错区进行羊草、芦苇单物种格局分析.结果表明,1)混生群落和交错区中,羊草和芦苇均是以集聚分布的形式存在;2)羊草在混生群落中的格局强度小于交错区中的格局强度,芦苇在2种类型群落中的格局强度没有显著差异;3)除了考虑物种的生物学特性以外,混生群落种内、种间竞争也是影响羊草集聚分布和格局强度的主要因素,交错区中,环境异质性和种间竞争是影响集聚分布和格局强度的重要因子;4)芦苇在混生群落和交错区中格局强度没有明显差异,由此可以判定芦苇的空间分布格局形成主要受植物本身生物学特性的影响.     

砖红壤香蕉园土壤养分空间变异研究

运用统计学和ArcGIS软件的地统计分析模块对海南砖红壤香蕉园59个土壤采样点两个取样土层（0～20 cm和20～40 cm）养分进行空间变异性研究。结果表明：香蕉园土壤各养分变异系数均为中等变异。0～20 cm土层土壤各养分含量大于20～40 cm土层。0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层中的碱解氮、交换性钙和交换性镁及0～20 cm土层的有机质均符合高斯模型，0～20 cm土层速效磷与20～40 cm土层速效钾符合球状模型，而20～40 cm土层速效磷与0～20 cm土层速效钾符合圆形模型，20～40 cm土层有机质符合指数模型。各养分的变程范围为109.217～279.796 m，有机质具有强烈的空间相关性。0～20 cm土层速效钾的块金效应值小于20～40 cm土层，0～20 cm土层碱解氮、速效磷、交换性钙、交换性镁高于20～40 cm土层。有机质、20～40 cm土层速效磷、0～20 cm土层速效钾的块金效应小于25%，其它养分均在25%～75%，具有中等的空间相关性。确定了合理取样数，0～20 cm碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有机质合理取样数分别为：5、30、26、29、25、3；20～40 cm碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有机质合理取样数分别为：4、44、30、26、25、3，就可以满足变量施肥的要求。     

国土空间详细规划现状底图底数转换方法研究

统一底图底数是编制各类空间规划的重要前提和基础,第三次国土调查数据作为当前权威性最高、现势性最强的国土空间利用现状数据,所采用的工作分类与国土空间规划采用的用地用海分类存在较大差异。本文通过对工作分类和用地用海分类进行衔接分析,提出了基于第三次国土调查数据的国土空间详细规划现状底图底数转换的总体技术思路、关键技术方法。     

县域高标准农田建设项目遴选布局方法——以舒兰市为例

本研究旨在为科学布局高标准农田建设项目提供技术支持。从分析建设适宜性和空间稳定性入手,提出了基于耦合协调度模型和冷热点分析的项目区遴选方法,并在吉林省舒兰市进行实证研究。结果表明：舒兰市高标准农田建设潜力较大,高适宜区和中适宜区合占耕地总面积的74.91%,主要分布在北部乡镇;空间稳定性与建设适宜性的空间分布大致相同,整体呈现“北部高于南部”的特征;高标准农田建设呈现明显的“北部易于南部”特征,其中优良协调类占耕地总面积的52.92%,主要分布在平安镇、金马镇、七里乡、开原镇、水曲柳镇和天德乡等,该类耕地自然禀赋较好、基础设施完备,并且与城镇、交通干线有一定距离,建设占用的可能性较小,高标准农田建设难度最小;高标准农田建设适宜性和空间稳定性耦合协调度的热点区主要分布在法特镇、莲花乡、天德乡、平安镇、七里乡等北部乡镇,是高标准农田项目的优先选择区域。结合研究区实际,确定舒兰市“十三五”期间高标准农田建设区总面积10828.89 hm ²。     

黄河三角洲地区不同林分云斑白条天牛的空间分布特点

云斑白条天牛对黄河三角洲地区的重要园林绿化树种白蜡树造成严重危害,研究不同林分类型的空间分布,对云斑白条天牛抽样调查和防治具有参考价值。通过调查片林、庭院绿化林、公路行道林、城区行道林和庭院行道林5种不同林分类型白蜡树林地云斑白条天牛的排粪孔、羽化孔和蛀孔的数量,统计分析其空间分布特点。计算聚集度指标、Iwao回归方程和Taylor幂指数方程结果表明,云斑白条天牛危害片林、庭院绿化林、公路行道林、城区行道林和庭院行道林5种林地时的排粪孔、羽化孔和蛀孔均表现为聚集分布,但不同林分类型的聚集度指标参数、Iwao回归方程的α和β值、Taylor幂指数方程lga和b存在一定差异。     

不同坡位条件对毛乌素沙地长柄扁桃林地土壤水分的影响

[目的]揭示半干旱区固定沙丘不同坡位条件下土壤水分空间变化规律,为固定沙丘土壤水分合理利用提供决策依据。[方法]在毛乌素沙漠东南缘陕西省神木市生态协会毛乌素治沙造林基地,以固定沙丘12 a龄人工长柄扁桃林地为研究对象,建立土壤水分定位观测小区,使用CNC503DR型中子仪对2018年7—10月0—300 cm土层土壤水分进行测定,并分析不同坡位条件下长柄扁桃林地生长季土壤水分时空变化特征。[结果](1)坡顶与坡上0—300 cm土壤剖面含水量随土层深度的增加呈先增加后减小,之后趋于稳定的变化趋势,而坡中(上、下)与坡底表现为类似S形的变化规律,土壤含水量表现为:坡底坡中(上)坡上≥坡顶坡中(下);(2)坡底土壤含水量表现出强变异性,其他4种坡位条件下为中等变异;(3)不同坡位条件下蒸散发表现为:坡底坡顶坡中(下)坡上坡中(上),坡上属强变异,而坡底则表现出中等变异且变异系数最小。[结论]不同坡位条件对固定沙丘土壤水分及蒸散耗水具有重要影响,坡底土壤含水量及蒸散发量均最大,且具有较强的不稳定性。     

Polymorphic mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in a coastal riverscape: size class assemblages,distribution, and habitat associations

We compared the assemblage structure, spatial distributions, and habitat associations of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) morphotypes and size classes. We hypothesised that morphotypes would have different spatial distributions and would be associated with different habitat features based on feeding behaviour and diet. Spatially continuous sampling was conducted over a broad extent (29 km) in the Calawah River, WA (USA). Whitefish were enumerated via snorkelling in three size classes: small (10–29 cm), medium (30–49 cm), and large (≥50 cm). We identified morphotypes based on head and snout morphology: a pinocchio form that had an elongated snout and a normal form with a blunted snout. Large size classes of both morphotypes were distributed downstream of small and medium size classes, and normal whitefish were distributed downstream of pinocchio whitefish. Ordination of whitefish assemblages with nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that normal whitefish size classes were associated with higher gradient and depth, whereas pinocchio whitefish size classes were positively associated with pool area, distance upstream, and depth. Reach‐scale generalised additive models indicated that normal whitefish relative density was associated with larger substrate size in downstream reaches (R² = 0.64), and pinocchio whitefish were associated with greater stream depth in the reaches farther upstream (R² = 0.87). These results suggest broad‐scale spatial segregation (1–10 km), particularly between larger and more phenotypically extreme individuals. These results provide the first perspective on spatial distributions and habitat relationships of polymorphic mountain whitefish.