Effect of two wheat genotypes and Swedish environment on falling number, amylase activities, and protein concentration and composition

Variation in falling number, amylase activities, protein concentration and composition were investigated in two wheat cultivars grown in Sweden over two seasons, in four locations, with four N fertilizer rates, with and without fungicide treatment. The results showed that;

非肉蛋白对重组碎羊肉卷粘合特性的研究

分析了转谷氨酰胺酶在其最佳的作用浓度、反应温度和作用时间条件下,添加几种非肉蛋白对重组碎羊肉卷的粘合性能。将多组非肉蛋白处理组与空白处理组做比较,利用质构分析仪测定其流变学特性,由此筛选出作用效果比较好的非肉蛋白。结果表明,加入转谷氨酰胺酶可以提高肉块间的粘合性能,而且添加卵清蛋白、蛋黄蛋白、大豆分离蛋白和酪蛋白与转谷氨酰胺酶之间具有协同增效的作用,从而使碎肉形成致密的凝胶网络结构。其中,酪蛋白的添加对于成品凝胶硬度、凝聚性、粘着性以及咀嚼性的提高都较其他处理显著,即质量分数为0.04%的转谷氨酰胺酶、0.2%的酪蛋白为最优配方。这是一个用鲜肉原料制造重组肉制品的有效方法。     

热激处理对棉苗子叶可溶性蛋白质种类和含量的影响

选用抗虫棉品种DP99B,彩色棉品种绿絮1号和棕絮1号,应用现代生物科学技术和手段,研究了棉花早期(萌动期、子叶期、1叶期)热激诱导产生的热激蛋白(HSPs)种类及其含量。结果表明:3个品种3个时期热激处理,处理后41.8 KD热激蛋白含量都增加。此外,DP品种不同时期热激处理后蛋白质含量增加的有3种,含量减少的有1种,含量不变的有3种,含量测不出来的有10种;LV品种热激处理后蛋白质含量增加的有3种,含量减少的有2种,含量不变的有3种,含量测不出来的有8种;ZH品种热激处理后蛋白质含量增加的有6种,含量减少的有2种,含量不变的有2种,含量测不出来的有5种。     

Chromosomal effects in the endogenous contents of non-structural carbohydrates and proteins measured in wheat substitution lines

In hexaploid bread wheat, Triticum aestivum (2n = 6x = 42), little work has been carried out to study the genetic control of the synthesis of reduced, non‐reduced and total non‐structural carbohydrates and soluble proteins in aerial and rooting structures. The aim of this paper was to determine the chromosomal location of genes determining carbohydrate and protein synthesis that could be used for diagnostic selection in segregating breeding populations. A set of wheat intervarietal chromosome substitution lines [‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) × synthetic wheat (Triticum diccocoides×Aegilops squarrosa) (Syn)], was used. Plants were cultivated in hydroponic solutions to the fully expanded third leaf stage. Carbohydrate and protein contents and dry matter were determined for aerial and root parts. The root dry weight did not show significant differences between the parental varieties and the substitution lines, except for 5A, 2B and 6B, which had significantly lower dry weights. The aerial dry weight was significantly higher for Syn and the 2A substitution line. The ratio aerial dry weight/root dry weight was significantly higher in Syn, 1A, 2A and 4B. The protein content of the plant showed highly significant differences between both parental lines but 6A and 1D of the substitution lines showed highly significant differences, with contents as high as that for Syn. Syn produced significantly lower total aerial carbohydrates. The substitution lines 2A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 2B, 3D, 5D and 6D showed highly significant total carbohydrate content increases in the aerial parts compared with both parental lines. The non‐reduced carbohydrate contents showed a pattern similar to that of the total carbohydrates. Syn had a lower reduced carbohydrate content than CS. Only the 5A, 2B, and 1D substitution lines had a highly significantly different content of reduced carbohydrates than CS. In roots, Syn produced the lowest values for every type of sugar. The highest significant values for total carbohydrates were found in substitution lines 2B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 1D and 6D. The non‐reduced carbohydrate levels were significantly higher than CS in 2B, 5B, 6B and 6D substitution lines. Only the substitution lines 3B and 1D showed a significantly higher reduced carbohydrate content in roots compared with CS. The photoassimilate partitioning in Syn, 1 A, 2A and 4B favoured the aerial parts but, in contrast, higher partitioning to the roots was found in the 7B, 1D and 3D substitution lines. Both groups appear to carry interesting patterns worth incorporating in wheat cultivars.     

肉鸡热休克蛋白70 mRNA荧光定量PCR方法的建立和优化

对适应性饲养到30日龄时的60只肉鸡进行热应激处理,通过热休克蛋白70(heatshockprotein70,HSP70)mRNA荧光定量PCR(fluorescencequantitativePCR,FQ-PCR)方法检测热应激处理肉鸡组织中HSP70mRNA含量。虽然受试鸡肝脏和心脏的HSP70mRNA水平在热应激6h时略低于对照组(P>0.05),但随持续性高温应激时间的延长,HSP70mRNA水平逐渐升高,热应激18h时应激肉鸡肝脏和心脏HSP70mRNA水平达最高水平,明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。实验选用3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因(GAPDH)作为内参照,体外转录的RNA和阳性质粒作为两种标准品。结果显示,实验所建立和优化的FQ-PCR反应体系是理想的。     

微射流均质预处理提高大豆分离蛋白酶解效率及酶解产物乳化性能

为了探讨微射流均质预处理对大豆分离蛋白酶解效率及酶解产物乳化性能的影响,该文研究比较了微射流均质预处理前后大豆分离蛋白酶解产物的理化性质(水解度、亚基组成、蛋白溶解性、表面疏水性和分子量分布)和乳化性能(通过测定分析样品乳状液的平均粒径和微观结构评估样品的乳化性能)的变化。研究表明:大豆分离蛋白经过微射流均质预处理后采用木瓜蛋白酶水解,其酶解产物(水解度为1.7%)与对照大豆分离蛋白和未经预处理的酶解产物相比,在较低浓度下(30 g/L)制备出粒径细小的稳定乳状液(体积平均粒径≈1.6μm)。微射流均质预处理提高了大豆分离蛋白中α-7S和A-11S亚基的酶解敏感性,使酶解产物在水解度1.3%~1.7%范围内蛋白溶解性显著增加(P0.05),同时保持较高的表面疏水性值,与未经预处理的酶解产物相比形成了更多具有界面活性的可溶性多肽(分子量主要分布在11.3 k Da左右),在乳化过程中可有效防止乳液滴间发生桥联絮凝。因此微射流均质预处理是一种辅助提高大豆蛋白酶解效率和酶解产物乳化性能行之有效的方法。研究结果可为大豆蛋白深加工蛋白乳化剂提供理论和方法参考。     

银杏枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的免疫细胞化学鉴定

依据银杏枝条中32和36 ku蛋白质含量的明显季节变化,推测它们是银杏的营养贮藏蛋白质.采用间接免疫组织细胞化学定位技术,对这2种蛋白质进行细胞化学定位.32和36 ku蛋白质具有一定的免疫相关性,它们分布在一些皮层薄壁细胞和韧皮部的韧皮薄壁细胞中,存在于这些细胞的小液泡里.研究结果揭示这2种蛋白质的组织分布式样,为这2种蛋白质是银杏的营养贮藏蛋白质提供有力证据.     

Variation in the Ratio of Oat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Avena</Emphasis>) Protein Fractions of Interest in Coeliac Grain Diets

The previously found wide range in the ratios of avenin or methanol-precipitated fractions to residual proteins was revisited by studying 75 oat varieties, mainly representing landraces from Finland, and included old varieties or selections, cv. Kytö, synthetic hexaploid oats and an Avena strigosa line (HA 71–87). The means of the fraction ratios ranged from 4.17 to 6.46 with significant differences. Samples of 10 narrow-ratio and 10 wide-ratio oats were compared more closely. The wide-ratio sample had significantly higher total protein content and significantly lower content of the methanol-precipitated protein fraction. Therefore, both fractions in general appear to contribute to the ratio of the protein fractions. The wide-ratio sample had significantly lower grain mass and husk-free karyopsis mass. Samples of the extreme ends in the ratios of the protein fractions showed different electrophoretic protein patterns, which was also seen in samples representing the same population of origin. It is evident that polymorphisms in the protein fractions would allow breeding of oat cultivars showing further lowering of proteins putatively toxic to coeliacs assuming oats contain these toxic proteins.     

Genetic variability evaluation in a Moroccan collection of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., by means of storage proteins and RAPDs

The genetic variation existing in a set of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landrace samples recently collected in Morocco was estimated. Two kinds of genetic markers, seed storage proteins (hordeins) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), were used. Only six out of 31 landraces were subjected to RAPD analysis. Both kinds of markers, RAPD and storage proteins, yielded similar results, showing that the level of variation observed in Moroccan barley was high: all landraces showed variability; 808 different storage protein patterns (multilocus associations) were observed among 1897 individuals (2.32 seeds per association, on average) with an average of 43 multilocus associations per accession. In general, genetic variation within accessions was higher than between accessions. The 100 polymorphic RAPD bands generated by 21 effective primers were able to generate enough patterns to differentiate between uniform cultivars and even between individuals in variable accessions. One of the aims of this work was to compare the effectiveness of RAPD versus storage protein techniques in assessing the variability of genetic resource collections. On average hordeins were more polymorphic than RAPDs: they showed more alternatives per band on gels and a higher percentage of polymorphic bands, although RAPDs supply a higher number of bands. Although RAPD is an easy and standard technique, storage protein analysis is technically easier, cheaper and needs less sophisticated equipment. Thus, when resources are a limiting factor and considering the cost of consumables and work time, seed storage proteins must be the technique of choice for a first estimation of genetic variation in plant genetic resource collections.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and its wild relatives based on seed protein profiles

Total seed storage protein of 9 accessions of cultivated C. cajan and 10 wild Cajanus species was reported and compared by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A considerable variation was detected among the protein profiles of different accessions of C. cajan while those of wild species were very specific and distinctly different from each other. Relative similarities between various taxa were estimated by Jaccard's similarity index and cluster analysis was performed to produce a UPGMA dendrogram. The clustering of 10 wild species and C. cajan more or less agrees with their sectional classification and available data based on morphological characteristics, crossability, genome pairing in hybrids and nuclear RFLPs. The species closest to C. cajan is C. cajanifolia although the accessions of C. cajan also share some bands present in the profiles of C. scarabaeoides, C. goensis, C. lineatus, C. acutifolius and C. volubilis. This points towards polyphyletic origin of the cultigen which has been discussed in this paper.