畜牧养殖中动物疾病病因及防控

畜牧养殖是山东省无棣县车王镇的重点产业,近年发展速度较快,显著促进了地区居民的增收致富。在畜牧养殖过程中,动物疾病防控是关键管理环节。为提升动物疾病防控成效,需深入分析动物疾病的出现原因,采取针对性的解决对策,最大程度控制动物疾病的发生与影响。     

基于定向定量堆放的马铃薯收获机设计

在研究小型马铃薯收获机的基础上,设计了一款能根据收集薯块质量往特定方向堆放的马铃薯收获机,主要由挖掘装置、输送装置及定向定量堆放装置等组成。在马铃薯收获机的后部设计一个四分区临时集薯器,能根据所收获马铃薯的质量来打开集薯器,将收集的马铃薯向中间或者一侧堆放,从而实现了马铃薯的连续挖掘及收集薯块的定向定量间隔堆放,可在较大程度上降低人工捡拾的工作量,同时避免拖拉机碾压伤薯。     

冬季马铃薯控释肥用量试验

在川西南冬季马铃薯种植区,开展马铃薯专用控释配方肥不同用量对青薯9号增产效应的对比试验。试验结果表明,以每667 m~2施用60 kg马铃薯专用控释配方肥作底肥为最佳施肥方案,该处理的平均单株质量、商品薯率最高,平均鲜薯产量为2 114.0 kg/667 m~2,比对照(不施肥)增产1 063.5 kg/667 m~2,增幅为101.2%。     

抗旱保水剂在岗坡旱地甘薯上的应用试验

为提高冀南地区岗坡旱地农作物产量,应用抗旱保水剂在甘薯上进行了试验。结果表明,施用抗旱保水剂可提高甘薯幼苗成活率,促进甘薯生长,增产增收,以45kg/hm2用量效果最好。     

Increased abundance of patatins,lipoxygenase and miraculins in a thaxtomin A-habituated potato Russet Burbank somaclone with enhanced resistance to common scab

Potato common scab caused by the actinobacterium Streptomyces scabiei is characterized by the formation of corky lesions on tubers that reduce their marketability. Management of common scab is very complex and often ineffective under various environmental conditions. Using potato varieties that are more resistant to common scab remains one of the most efficient strategies to control this disease. However, very little is known about the factors associated with resistance to common scab. Somaclone RB9 regenerated from thaxtomin A-habituated potato Russet Burbank calli produced tubers more resistant to common scab than the original variety. Comparison of the RB9 tuber proteome with that of Russet Burbank using label-free quantitative proteomic analysis revealed changes in the accumulation of defence-related proteins from the patatin and lipoxygenase (LOX) families, which are involved in the metabolism of lipids, and of two miraculins of the Kunitz-type protease inhibitors family. The implication of LOX during common scab infection was studied using synchronized minitubers developed from leaf-bud cuttings. S. scabiei infection stimulated the accumulation of LOX in both Russet Burbank and RB9 minitubers, but this accumulation was intensified in RB9 minitubers. Infection also increased LOX activity in Russet Burbank and RB9 minitubers. However, LOX activity measured in noninfected RB9 minitubers was similar to that of infected Russet Burbank minitubers, indicating endogenous activation of LOX activity in RB9 minitubers. We discuss how increased LOX abundance and activity in the somaclone RB9 may contribute to improving tuber defence against common scab.     

农牧交错带灌溉和旱作模式下马铃薯耗水差异

为揭示北方农牧交错带地区马铃薯“水改旱”种植对其产量和水分利用的影响,选取中国北方农牧交错带地区27个站点,基于站点的气象数据、土壤数据和管理数据驱动充分验证的APSIM-Potato模型,模拟分析农牧交错带地区灌溉和雨养马铃薯的耗水差异。结果表明：北方农牧交错带地区马铃薯种植连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a的产量分别为15 900～35 600、16 400～34 800 kg·hm^-2和16 600～34 800 kg·hm^-2,改为旱作后对应的产量分别为12 800～30 600、13 900～29 100 kg·hm^-2和12 700～25 500 kg·hm^-2;灌溉马铃薯产量均表现为西部较高,旱作马铃薯产量则为东部较高。连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a的播前1 m土层土壤含水量分别为163～388、161～394 mm和154～398 mm,改为旱作后分别下降31.8%、35.3%和36.9%。连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a后的地下水消耗量分别为5 360～21 330、8 910～4...     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区马铃薯生长动态及产量、品质的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下马铃薯生长动态及其产量、品质的变化特征,在典型半干旱区（甘肃定西）利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台,以马铃薯‘新大坪’为供试品种,设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)和590 μmol·mol^-1共2个CO₂浓度梯度,开展CO₂浓度增加模拟试验。结果表明：CO₂浓度增加至590 μmol·mol^-1时,马铃薯发育加快,生育期提前,全生育期天数缩短3 d;CO₂浓度升高对马铃薯株高、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和叶片水势有明显促进作用。随着生育进程的推移,马铃薯地上部干物质生产对CO₂浓度的响应值呈现先变大再变小的趋势。CO₂浓度增加促进了马铃薯块茎产量的提高,单株结薯数和单株薯块质量也有所增加。与对照相比,590 μmol·mol^-1CO₂处理马铃薯块茎水分、蛋白质、维生素C含量以及铁、锌、铜元素含量分别下降3.43%、11.78%、13.09%、25.58%、31.94%和9.76%,而粗淀粉、粗脂肪、粗纤维和还原糖含量分别增加10.56%、240.00%、14.28%、106.38%。     

吡蚜酮在马铃薯中的残留与膳食风险评估

为评价马铃薯中吡蚜酮残留引发的膳食风险。2016年-2018年开展了3年12地规范残留试验,构建吡蚜酮在马铃薯中的残留检测方法,并对我国一般人群进行了膳食风险评估。马铃薯样品使用2%乙酸乙腈提取,C18净化,外标法定量,UPLC-MS/MS检测。在0.01～1 mg/kg添加水平下,吡蚜酮在马铃薯中的平均回收率为75%～85%,相对标准偏差为3%～8%。12地最终残留试验表明,50%吡蚜酮水分散粒剂按有效成分225 g/hm²施药2次,最后1次施药后14、21 d马铃薯中吡蚜酮残留量分别≤0.018 mg/kg和≤0.012 mg/kg。膳食风险评估表明,吡蚜酮的国家估算每日摄入量(NEDI)为1.633 9 mg/kg,风险商(RQ)为86.4%。马铃薯中吡蚜酮残留不会对一般人群健康造成不可接受的风险。     

Application and mechanisms of metal-based nanoparticles in the control of bacterial and fungal crop diseases

Nanotechnology is a young branch of the discipline generated by nanomaterials. Its development has greatly contributed to technological progress and product innovation in the field of agriculture. The antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles (NPs) can be used to develop nanopesticides for plant protection. Plant diseases caused by bacterial and fungal infestations are the main types of crop diseases. Once infected, they will seriously threaten crop growth, reduce yield and quality, and affect food safety, posing a health risk to humans. We reviewed the application of metal-based nanoparticles in inhibiting plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi, and discuss the antibacterial mechanisms of metal-based nanoparticles from two aspects: the direct interaction between nanoparticles and pathogens, and the indirect effects of inducing plant resilience to disease. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.