基于生氰糖苷降解途径基因表达特性的木薯品种对二斑叶螨的抗性机制初探

为初步探究生氰糖苷降解途径2个基因α-HNL和β-glu在木薯品种对二斑叶螨抗性中的作用,本研究以抗螨木薯品种‘C1115’‘缅甸’‘SC9’和感螨木薯品种‘SC205’‘面包’‘BRA900’为材料,分析木薯生氰糖苷降解途径基因及其编码的生化酶在二斑叶螨取食木薯品种不同部位叶片（上部、中部和下部）不同时间后（1、4 d）的表达量及酶活性的变化情况。结果表明,α-HNL在感螨木薯品种上部和中部叶片中的表达量随螨害时间的延长而显著降低;在抗螨木薯品种的不同部位叶片中,α-HNL的表达量均随螨害时间的延长而显著升高,并且以中部和下部叶片的升高趋势更为显著。β-glu在抗、感螨木薯品种不同部位叶片中的表达量均很低,难以比较该基因的表达量在不同木薯品种、不同部位叶片受螨害后的变化情况,但在能检测到的少量样品当中,抗螨木薯品种的占比也多于感螨木薯品种。进一步进行酶活性分析结果表明,抗螨木薯品种受螨害后,随着时间的延长,降解途径基因α-HNL编码的α-HNL酶活性呈逐渐升高或维持不变的趋势,并且以中部和下部叶片的升高趋势更为显著,而在感螨木薯品种中,随着螨害时间的延长,α-HNL酶活性则呈逐渐降低或先升高后降低的趋势;β-glu基因编码的β-GLU酶活性在不同木薯品种中均呈较低的水平,这可能与其对应编码的基因表达量低有关,但总体而言,降解途径2个基因编码的降解酶α-HNL和β-GLU在抗螨木薯不同叶片组织中的活性总体上也显著高于感螨木薯。本研究初步揭示了不同木薯品种受螨害不同时间后,生氰糖苷降解基因和酶可能与木薯对二斑叶螨的抗性有关。     

葡聚糖水合二激酶的生物学功能及其应用

葡聚糖水合二激酶(glucan-water dikinase,GWD)催化淀粉发生的磷酸化反应是植物临时淀粉降解的必要过程.该文总结了GWD的结构、生物学功能及其与其他淀粉代谢相关酶类的互作,以及GWD基因的研究进展及其在淀粉改性工艺上的应用现状,展望了GWD在淀粉磷酸化改性工艺上的应用前景,旨在为淀粉生物改性提供一种环境友好型、资源集约型的思路和方法.     

4种三嗪类除草剂对乙草胺光猝灭降解的影响(英文)

研究了3种不同光源下(高压汞灯、氙灯和自然光),4种三嗪类除草剂对乙草胺在玻片表面和水溶液中的光解的影响。结果显示,莠去津、西草净、扑草净和莠灭净对乙草胺的光解表现出很强的光猝灭效应,且猝灭效应与4种除草剂添加浓度成正相关。     

Soil Salinization in Some Irrigated Areas of the Kingdom of Bahrain

Monitoring and assessment of agricultural land degradation is of vital importance for better land and water management planning and reclamation. It requires setting baseline information and basic analysis at specific time and space. About 33 geo-referenced soil sampling spots were selected in two agricultural production locations in the Kingdom of Bahrain to assess the status and preliminary causes of land degradation. Soil samples were taken from 13 sites in Diraz location while 19 samples were taken from Budayyi location. The samples were taken to 90 cm depth at 30 cm intervals. Standard procedures were followed to determine soil physiochemical properties. In addition, field observations on farm condition, distance from the sea, method of irrigation and irrigation water source were taken. Some of the soil samples were deliberately taken from outside the irrigated basins among trees compared with samples taken from inside the actively growing area for comparison. The results indicated that the salinity level was significantly （P 〈 0.001） higher at the 0-30 cm soil depth compared with 30-60 cm or 60-90 cm depths in both locations. The distance from the sea did not show clear correlation with surface soil salinity in Budayyi area compared with Diraz. Both locations showed significantly higher salinity levels on samples taken outside the actively growing areas compared with those taken from within. The effect is more prominent at the 0-30 cm depth. The observed variability on salinity levels may be attributed to farm management practices and deteriorating quality of ground water. Thus, agricultural land degradation in Bahrain cannot be attributed to ground water deterioration alone. The use of tertiary treated sewage water （TSE） may ease the pressure on ground water, but the pH of the TSE should be carefully monitored and managed with proper studies on leaching requirements to avoid further salinity complications.     

不同金属离子和还原剂对落叶松松塔原花青素热稳定性影响的研究

[目的]研究落叶松松塔原花青素的热稳定性,建立原花青素变化的动力学模型。[方法]以落叶松松塔为原料,通过添加几种食品中常见的金属离子(Mg2+、Zn2+、Fe2+)和还原剂(NaHSO3),探讨了落叶松松塔中原花青素的热稳定性和降解情况。[结果]Mg2+、Zn2+或Fe2+的存在不利于原花青素的热稳定性,其降解反应活化能分别为15.01、27.88、21.60 kJ/mol,反应符合一级动力学模型(R20.744 4);NaHSO3的存在会提高原花青素的热稳定性,反应符合一级动力学模型(R20.656 3),其降解活化能为36.36 kJ/mol。并建立起几种条件下的原花青素的降解动力学模型,通过验证表明模型与实测值拟合程度好。[结论]该研究为落叶松松塔原花青素保质期和残留率的预测提供了科学依据。     

微生物对油污地石油的降解作用及影响因素

生物降解有机物可能成为净化土壤和水资源的一种有效方式.生物降解手段的成本与焚化、贮存或土壤清洗相比要低.重点探讨了微生物对油污地石油降解的机理,分析了影响微生物降解的相关因素,包括营养物质和化合物、氧气、水、温度、核酸等,还探讨了油污地降解过程中植物的作用及生物降解微生物的作用,以期为油污地的治理提供基础理论依据.     

不同腐烂程度毛竹蔸微生物变化规律

研究不同腐烂程度毛竹蔸中的微生物菌群,结果发现细菌对数值最低为5.477,最高为7.380;真菌对数值最低为5.301,最高为6.903;放线菌对数值最低为5.740,最高为7.000;纤维素降解菌对数值最低为4.301,最高为6.477;木质素降解菌最低为4.415,最高为6.799。毛竹蔸腐烂过程中,前期各菌增长较快;中期细菌、真菌、放线菌对数值不断变化;后期菌对数值都较高;各菌之间存在着一定的协助和竞争。了解竹林砍伐前期的竹蔸腐烂规律,可为砍伐后的竹蔸降解提供参考,同时为竹蔸微生物在种级单位上的分离提供依据。     

水稻秸秆降解研究进展

水稻秸秆是一种重要的生物质能源,其降解关系着农田资源的再利用与环境保护。目前大量的秸秆采 用焚烧处理既浪费资源又污染环境。秸秆中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等成分导致水稻秸秆降解率低。目前常用 的降解方法可以分为直接还田、物理降解、化学降解以及生物降解,其中通过秸秆与微生物作用的生物降解法是目 前处理秸秆最实际且有效的方法另外随着转基因水稻的问世,转基因水稻秸秆的基因、蛋白质残留情况是当前研 究的热点。     

青海湖流域高寒草原对放牧时间的响应

以青海湖北岸刚察县哈尔盖镇冬春草场高寒草原为研究对象,对比研究传统放牧样地与牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧样地中植被群落的特征变化,为缓解青海湖流域高寒草原生态退化提供新的措施.采用野外随机样方调查方法,在刚察县哈尔盖镇冬春草场选定常规放牧与牧草返青前至种子脱落后放牧试验样地进行草地群落特征数据调查.研究表明:牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧能显著提高高寒草原群落盖度与地上生物量;同时,放牧时间改变对高寒草原植物群落伴生种组成有一定影响,主要表现为优良牧草重要值显著增加,常规放牧时间下耐牧性品种占优;此外,放牧时间改变对群落丰富度有显著影响,但对群落多样性及均匀度没有显著影响.可见,牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧能缓解高寒草原生态退化.     

Wood chips and wheat straw as alternative biofilter media for denitrification reactors treating aquaculture and other wastewaters with high nitrate concentrations

This study evaluated wood chips and wheat straw as inexpensive and readily available alternatives to more expensive plastic media for denitrification processes in treating aquaculture wastewaters or other high nitrate waters. Nine 3.8-L laboratory scale reactors (40 cm packed height × 10 cm diameter) were used to compare the performance of wood chips, wheat straw, and Kaldnes plastic media in the removal of nitrate from synthetic aquaculture wastewater. These upflow bioreactors were loaded at a constant flow rate and three influent NO₃–N concentrations of 50, 120, and 200 mg/L each for at least 4 weeks, in sequence. These experiments showed that both wood chips and wheat straw produced comparable denitrification rates to the Kaldnes plastic media. As much as 99% of nitrate was removed from the wastewater of 200 mg NO₃–N/L influent concentration. Pseudo-steady state denitrification rates for 200 mg NO₃–N/L influent concentrations averaged (1360 ± 40) g N/(m³ d) for wood chips, (1360 ± 80) g N/(m³ d) for wheat straw, and (1330 ± 70) g N/(m³ d) for Kaldnes media. These values were not the maximum potential of the reactors as nitrate profiles up through the reactors indicated that nitrate reductions in the lower half of the reactors were more than double the averages for the whole reactor. COD consumption per unit of NO₃–N removed was highest with the Kaldnes media (3.41–3.95) compared to wood chips (3.34–3.64) and wheat straw (3.26–3.46). Effluent ammonia concentrations were near zero while nitrites were around 2.0 mg NO₂–N/L for all reactor types and loading rates. During the denitrification process, alkalinity and pH increased while the oxidation–reduction potential decreased with nitrate removal.

Wood chips and wheat straw lost 16.2% and 37.7% of their masses, respectively, during the 140-day experiment. There were signs of physical degradation that included discoloration and structural transformation. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the media also decreased. Both wood chips and wheat straw can be used as filter media for biological denitrification, but time limitations for the life of both materials must be considered.