潜蝇姬小蜂幼虫空间分布型研究

本文应用Iwao和Tayla’s回归模型以及6个聚集度指标(C、CA、M^*、M^8／m、I、K),对蚕豆田潜蝇姬小蜂幼虫的空间分布型进行了研究。测定结果属聚集分布,为田间调查及保护天敌提供了依据。     

Spatial and temporal patterns of Lolium rigidum–Avena sterilis mixed populations in a cereal field

Through a detailed case study of a two‐species (Lolium rigidum and Avena sterilis) weed community at contrasting scales, this paper examined factors that affect weed distribution across space and time in a commercial wheat field in north‐east Spain. A. sterilis showed relatively stable spatial distribution and spatial structure of its population over time at large scale, with well‐defined patches, although weed density rose quickly. L. rigidum showed poorly defined patches that were not stable across time. Interaction between species could explain to some degree the spatial distribution at large scale: a negative relationship was detected between the spatial structures of both weed populations. At fine scale, both species showed a clear interaction effect from primary dispersal (more important in A. sterilis) and secondary dispersal from combine harvesting (more important in L. rigidum).     

新疆融雪洪水预警决策支持系统研究

提出以数据仓库、方法库、模型库、知识库一体化模式实现基于“3S”的新疆融雪洪水预警决策支持系统的研究思路。信息系统是整个系统的事务管理层,决策支持系统则是系统应用处理层,两者互为依托。信息系统是决策支持系统的信息源,决策支持系统所产生的结果进入信息系统并对其进行管理,当决策支持系统的模型、方法、知识运作成熟,数据结构化后,又将进入信息系统中,成为信息系统的组成部分。     

甘肃生态农业的发展模式探讨

本文在简要分析甘肃农业发展的生态环境现实的基础上,提出了几种比较可行的生态农业发展模式。     

乌鲁木齐河流域土地灌溉系统的灰色决策模型研究

本文以乌鲁木齐河流域为试验区,介绍了干旱区流域土地灌溉系统的多目标灰色决策模型的构造原理和方法。利用灰色控制系统的理论和方法建立了灰色优势分析模型,并以该模型为基础建造了多目标灰色决策分析模型。对最优局势的效果测度与综合决策矩阵的构成原理进行了深入探讨,并由此构造了地下水位控制模型与土地灌溉系统的灰色决策模型,为流域地下水位的控制提供了一种新的研究方法。     

城市森林对周边小气候时空格局的影响

以对城市森林生态效应的动态评价为目的,研究绿地和非绿地之间的物质交换特点与规律,描述和揭示植物群落的生态效应时空格局。试验对森林周边温度和湿度在空间和时间的梯度变化进行测试。结果表明,杨树林对其周边环境有着明显的降温和增湿效应,中午时段绿地生态场效应最高,下午测试时段对周边空气温湿度的影响与常规是逆反的。     

基于Web的农机选型智能决策支持系统设计

根据农业机械在农业生产中的应用,结合计算机网络技术,设计了基于Web的农业机器选型智能决策支持系统;同时,阐述了其设计目标及原理,讨论和分析了系统的体系结构,给出了系统的4个主要功能模块,并确定了系统的总体结构。     

Experimental Results on the Effects of Nonregular Spatial Patterns of Plants on Yield per Area

Based on several simplifying assumptions, a stochastic approach was developed which allows an estimation of the effects of nonregular spatial patterns of the distribution of individual plants on yield per area (F). In this approach, two random variables were attached to each plant: single plant yield (E) and individual space per plant (A). The latter was estimated by the area of Thiessen polygons. Yield per area was calculated theoretically by the expectation of the ratio E / A. Appropriate approximations of this expectation depend on the means (ē and ā), coefficients of variation (vE and vA) of E and A and their correlation (rEA). Yield per area can be decomposed into two additive terms: the first term gives the commonly used estimate ē/ā— or h(ā)/ā if a functional relationship between E and A is assumed: E = h(A). In this study, the two relationships E = k1 + k2 · ln A and E = A/(k3 + k4A) were used (with appropriately chosen constants k1, k2, k3, and k4). The second term in the decomposition of F can be interpreted as the effect of variable individual plant spaces on yield per area. In this paper, all theoretical concepts and results were applied to 17 experimental data sets of three cultivars of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Single plant yields (E) and individual plant areas (A) were positively correlated with correlation coefficients from 0.64 up to 0.91. The ranges for both coefficients of variation were similar: 0.27 ≤ vE ≤ 0.65 and 0.28 ≤ vA ≤ 0.59. One obtains no significant differences in the goodness-of-fit for both tested relationships between E and A although the logarithmic relationship seems to be slightly superior. For only three data sets one obtains negative values for the percentage of the second term in the decomposition of F. This indicates an overestimation of yield per area by the commonly used estimates h(ā)/ā and ē/ā, respectively. These overestimations, however, are less than 5 %. In all other cases with positive values for the second term the yield per area is underestimated by the common estimates. For almost all data sets, however, the percentages of F which are explained by the common estimates are much larger than 90 %.     

Irrigation Water Management for Efficient Water Use in Mulched Onion

Caused by the necessarily imperfect seed placement accuracy of sowing machines and, additionally, caused by many other biotic and abiotic factors, the resulting plant stands exhibit nonregular spatial distributions of its plants. Based on several simplifying assumptions, a stochastic approach is developed which allows an estimation of the effects of nonregular spatial patterns on yield per area. In this approach, two random variables are attached to each plant: single plant yield E and individual space A . The latter is estimated by the area of Thiessen polygons. Yield per area, calculated by the expectation of the ratio E/A , can be approximately expressed dependent on the means ( Ē and Ā ) and coefficients of variation ( v _E and v _A ) of E and A and their correlation ( r _EA ). In relation to the commonly used estimate Ē/Ā for yield per area, one obtains yield decreases if v _A / v _E  <  r _EA . This inequality, however, will be usually valid in the field of applications. The theoretical approaches and results were applied to three experimental data sets for drilled seeds of winter oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) (plant density: 60 plants m⁻², row distance: 10 cm). These data sets are characterized by different accuracies of longitudinal distributions within rows (58 %, 101 %, 150 %): yield depression increases with an increasing variability of plant distances within rows.     

沙漠绿洲地区膜下滴灌棉花产量和氮素利用的水氮耦合效应

研究施肥量和灌水量对膜下滴灌模式棉花氮素利用效率(NUE)的水氮耦合效应的影响。试验设置1带4行、2带4行、2带6行3种滴灌模式,灌水量和施氮量采用二次通用旋转组合设计,进行大田小区膜下滴灌棉花试验。结果表明,1带4行灌水量对棉花产量的影响大于施氮量,2带4行和2带6行施氮量对棉花产量的影响大于灌水量。3种滴灌模式棉花产量与灌水量呈显著正相关。棉花产量与施肥量,1带4行呈显著的正相关,2带4行在施氮量为27.6~69.0 kg/hm2呈负相关,施氮量为69~94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关。2带6行施氮量为27.6~55.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,施氮量为55.2~94.2 kg/hm2呈负相关;灌水量和施肥量对棉花氮素利用效率的影响,3种模式均为施氮量大于灌水量。氮素利用效率与施氮量的关系,1带4行和2带4行在施氮量为27.6~82.2 kg/hm2呈负相关,施氮量为82.2~94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,2带6行呈负相关。3种滴灌模式氮素利用效率与灌水量呈正相关;根据不同滴灌模式对水氮耦合效应,建立以棉花产量、NUE为目标的不同滴灌模式水氮管理策略。