Semiochemicals of the common bed bug,Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), and their potential for use in monitoring and control

The recent resurgence of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., has driven an increase in research into the biology and behaviour of this pest. Current control is reliant on the application of insecticides, but, owing to the development of insecticide resistance, there is a need for new tools and techniques. Semiochemicals (behaviour‐ and physiology‐modifying chemicals) could be exploited for management of bed bugs. The aim of this review was to evaluate studies undertaken in bed bug chemical ecology to date, with particular reference to how the research could be exploited for monitoring and control. Bed bugs, like many other insects, have a complex olfactory system. Recent studies have characterised the olfactory sensilla, located on the terminal segment of the antennae, to functional classes by electrophysiological screening. Behavioural studies have revealed the presence of an alarm pheromone and potential airborne aggregation semiochemicals, but it is not yet understood if bed bugs use a sex pheromone during mating. Host location cues have been investigated, and carbon dioxide has been found to be highly attractive both in laboratory and in field studies. Recent field trials have tested blends of other potential kairomones, which have been shown to have an additive effect when used in a heated bed bug trap with carbon dioxide. The trap, which combines heat and kairomones, is the only trap currently available with proven efficacy in the field. In order for semiochemicals to be useful for bed bug management, an increased knowledge and understanding of the biology, behaviour and chemical ecology of this insect is essential. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of Pityophthorus pubescens (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) to (E,E)‐α‐farnesene, (R)‐(+)‐limonene and (S)‐(−)‐verbenone in Pinus radiata (Pinaceae) stands in northern Spain

BACKGROUND: Some twig beetles in the genus Pityophthorus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) may vector pitch canker disease Fusarium circinatum (Niremberg & O'Donnell) of Pinus spp. (Pinaceae). Because Pityophthorus pubescens (Marsh.) has been found to be associated with F. circinatum in the Basque Country (northern Spain), various experiments were conducted to assess the beetle's behavioural responses to (E, E)‐α‐farnesene, (R)‐(+)‐limonene and (S)‐(?)‐verbenone to develop a potential inhibitor to host attraction. These experiments comprise electroantennographic and double‐choice olfactometer tests, as well as field assays in Pinus radiata D. Don stands. RESULTS: Both sexes of P. pubescens showed similar electroantennographic responses to different doses (from 1 ng to 1 µg in decadic steps) of each individual compound, with depolarisations to (S)‐(‐)‐verbenone (100 ng) being similar to those of the aggregation pheromone (+)‐trans‐pityol. In olfactometer assays, both sexes were significantly attracted to (+)‐trans‐pityol, but the attraction was reduced when increasing amounts of the chemicals were added to the pheromone. Particularly relevant was the repellent effect induced by (S)‐(?)‐verbenone at 1 ng dose and higher. In the field, (E, E)‐α‐farnesene, (R)‐(+)‐limonene and (S)‐(?)‐verbenone reduced significantly the number of beetles attracted to (+)‐trans‐pityol and racemic trans‐pityol, with (S)‐(?)‐verbenone being the most effective. CONCLUSIONS: (S)‐(?)‐Verbenone showed an interesting potential for use in the protection of P. radiata stands. A potentially effective strategy, which could be implemented in further, more in‐depth studies, could involve the use of this semiochemical as repellent and (+)‐trans‐pityol‐baited traps as attractant in a ‘push‐pull’ strategy. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pesticide Application Equipment

Abstract

Studies on the use of 22 chemical attractants for Glossina tachinoides were undertaken in Côte d'Ivoire following earlier work on G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes in Zimbabwe. While catches of G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes increased by several times when traps were baited with some of these substances, catches of G. tachinoides were only marginally increased. G. tachinoides is slightly attracted by octenol and acetone, alone or in combination, and its response to CO₂ is much weaker than that of the species tested in Zimbabwe. Phenol and indol mixtures both showed dose‐response relationships with catch. The indols were more potent in the lowest of the tested dosages (catch increase of 52%, P < 0001) whereas the phenols showed better attractiveness in their higher concentrations (catch increase of 42%, P < 0.05). Odour is probably less important in host finding for the riverine species G. tachinoides than it is for the savanna species studied in Zimbabwe.     

不同生育期蓖麻叶片乙醇抽提物对小菜蛾幼虫影响

分别用浸有初果期、盛果期、成熟前期的蓖麻叶片乙醇抽提物的滤纸,测定抽提物对小菜蛾幼虫的嗅觉反应;以上述3种抽提物浸泡过的包荣叶片为试验材料,测定抽提物对小菜蛾幼虫的取食行为及存活率的影响.结果表明:小菜蛾对不同生育期蓖麻叶片抽提物有明显的嗅觉反应,其中,对2龄幼虫的驱避率存80%以上,对4龄幼虫的驱避率在65%以上.不同生育期蓖麻叶片抽提物对小菜蛾的驱避作用不同,初果期的驱避作用较弱,成熟前期的作用相对较强.3种抽提物对小菜蛾低龄幼虫的取食屠有明显的影响,但对高龄幼虫取食量的影响不明显.蓖麻叶片抽提物对小菜蛾取食行为有明显的影响,与对照相比,在处理过的包菜叶片上,小菜蛾取食活动次数和每次取食活动用于取食的时间减少,平均取食间的间隔时间延长.成熟前期蓖麻叶片的乙醇抽提物对小菜蛾幼虫取食行为的影响明显较初果期强.抽提物对小菜蛾幼虫的存活率无明显的影响.     

国医大师熊继柏谈《黄帝内经》诊法学

熊继柏教授认为《黄帝内经》诊法学内容主要包括：诊法学的整体观思想;四诊合参的诊察方法;审察病机的纲领。望诊之法包括察部位、辨脏腑,察神色、观成败,察形态、测病变;闻诊之法包括听声音、嗅气味;问诊之法包括问病情、审病因;切脉之法包括诊脉的一般要求、切脉的部位、测脉的至数、察脉的胃气、脉象的主病、脉合四时阴阳、脉合病证阴阳。审察病机的纲领主要包括五脏六气病机、阴阳寒热病机、邪正虚实病机、气血营卫病机。《黄帝内经》诊法学思想内涵丰富,对中医临床有重要的指导意义。     

Identification and Characterization of Two “Sensory Neuron Membrane Proteins” (SNMPs) of the Desert Locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Pheromone-responsive neurons of insects not only require specific receptors but in addition several auxiliary components, including the “sensory neuron membrane protein,” SNMP. Accordingly, SNMP is considered as a marker for neurons responding to pheromones. For the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria, it is known that the behavior, including aggregation behavior and courtship inhibition, is largely controlled by pheromones. However, little is known about pheromones, their receptors, and the pheromone-responsive cells in locusts. In this study, we have identified two SNMP subtypes, SNMP1 and SNMP2, and compared their phylogenetic relationship and primary structure motifs with SNMPs from other species. Both SNMPs were found in chemosensory tissues, especially the antennae. Employing double in situ hybridization, we identified and localized the SNMP-expressing cells in the antennae. Cells expressing SNMP1 were localized to sensilla trichodea but also to sensilla basiconica, which in locust respond to pheromones. One or a few cells express SNMP1 within the multineuron clusters from sensilla basiconica, whereas the SNMP2 subtype was expressed in cells surrounding the neuron clusters, possibly supporting cells. Based on the finding that SNMP1 is expressed in distinct neurons under chemosensory sensilla, it is conceivable that these cells may represent pheromone-responsive neurons of the desert locust.     

用人工嗅觉系统评定卷烟的内在品质

迄今为止,卷烟的内在品质是靠评吸专家的感官的评定的,由于受到其经验,情绪以环境条件等多种因素的影响,评定结果的准确性难以保证。为此,作者运用模仿人的嗅觉系统功能的人工嗅觉系统来评定卷烟的内在品质。深入研究了人工嗅觉系统的气敏传感器阵列和数据处理分析方法,提出了阵列的组成方法以及神经网络集和测试集的构造方法。     

视觉因素在松墨天牛定位寄主和交配中的作用

在野外诱捕试验中,使用相同的诱芯,测试了4种不同颜色诱捕器对松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus的引诱效果.其中黑色和棕色诱捕器引诱效果显著高于对照灰白色,而绿色诱捕器引诱效果最差,显著低于对照.这表明,在松墨天牛的野外远距离寄主定位过程中,视觉因素起到了重要的作用,黑色和棕色提高了引诱效果,而绿色抑制了引诱效果.在室内交配定位试验中,当松墨天牛的复眼被涂黑处理之后,雌雄抱对交配的成功率降低为50.7％,显著低于对照健康组的成功率(933％).当松墨天牛触角被切除之后,抱对交配成功率为72.3％,同样显著低于对照.而将天牛的复眼涂黑并且切除触角之后,抱对交配的成功率仅为26.7％.视觉因素在天牛近距离交配定位过程中发挥着重要的作用.     

Role of sensory mechanisms in predatory feeding behaviorof juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus

ABSTRACT:   The red drum Sciaenops ocellatus Linnaeus is an exoticaquaculture species in Taiwan. As a carnivore it preys on a varietyof food organisms, including fishes and invertebrates. Isolatingthe sensory mechanisms that govern its predatory behavior wouldhelp clarify its feeding habit. The present study focused on predationresponses influenced by vision, olfaction and lateral line in captivejuvenile red drum. Results showed that the lateral line had themost significant influence on predatory behavior of the fish. Blockingmechanoreception of the lateral line system resulted in completeloss of ability to catch prey. Ablation of olfaction, in contrast,caused a booster effect on the predation rate. Experimental fishwith scorched olfactory rosettes showed active predatory behavior. Nearor complete darkness had insignificant influence on the predationrate. When the lateral line system was blocked, the fish could notprey normally, even when vision and olfaction were left intact. Itwas concluded that mechanoreception plays the primary role and visionthe secondary role in predatory behavior of the red drum.