灌溉兼防洪水库的优化调度

我国干旱半干旱地区，天然降水量少且时程及地域相差大，并有很大的随机性。对有水库调节的地区，如何处理天然降水的随机性，合理利用有限的水资源，解决人畜饮水、工业用水、林业及农业灌溉耗水，使其在各种情况下都能达到最佳的社会效益和经济效益，该文选用动态规划法，编制的电算程序，很好地解决了这一问题。     

南方易渍农田水稻节水增产灌溉方式试验研究

针对我国南方易渍稻田土壤粘重、地下水位高、通透性差等特点，提出不同的灌水方法，并通过对大量的试验结果分析，得出了适宜的灌水方法及地下水埋深。     

宽垄沟灌覆膜条件下土壤水分运移初探

宽垄沟灌作为一种大田作物栽培灌水方式已逐步受到关注.为研究灌水前后水分在垄沟间的运移及再分布,本试验在大棚内模拟宽垄沟灌垄上覆膜栽培条件以及灌水方案,采用中子仪进行水分观测.试验数据显示,在本试验条件下,垄背剖面的两个观测点表层,灌水前其含水量仅为田间持水量的65%和66%,灌水后垄沟水分的侧向入渗,144 h(6 d)分别达到田间持水量的73%和80%,408 h(17 d)达到田间持水量的78%和79%.试验结果表明,在宽垄沟灌覆膜条件下,水平向及垄背垂直向含水量梯度的存在导致水分侧向及向垄背的补给明显,且在覆膜条件下,垄背蒸散发损失少,起到减少土壤水分无效损耗、高效利用之效果.     

陡山灌区实时灌溉预报研究

介绍了参考作物腾发量和实际作物腾发量的实时预报及修正方法 ,结合陡山灌区实际资料 ,分别针对主要旱作物和水稻建立了实时灌溉预报模型 ,并对模型各参数进行了率定 ,特别针对参考作物腾发量预报模型中 A0 的确定进行了分析 ,给出了更合理的 A0 取值方法。基于可视化语言开发灌溉配水实时决策支持系统 ,该系统界面友好 ,操作简单 ,实用性强 ,利于推广。     

Water Pricing and Sustainability of Self-Governing Irrigation Schemes

The sustainability of self-governingirrigation schemes is currently underpressure in many countries as publicfinancial support is decreasing.Furthermore, growing global concernregarding water scarcity means thatefficient water use is essential.Theoretically the choice and implementationof a water-pricing system should play acentral role in achieving this objective,both by recovering water costs and byencouraging farmers to adopt more efficientbehaviour. In the Senegal River Delta newlyestablished water users associations (WUAs)have chosen low water charges, which areaffordable for the majority of farmers butwhich underestimate long-term maintenancecosts. Combined with the difficulty ofcollecting and managing farmers' fees, thischoice has drawn them into a vicious circleleading to scheme deterioration and poorwater service. New alternatives have beendiscussed with them using a simulation toolthat takes into account both the watercosts and the farmers' incomes. Comparedwith the present fixed water charge basedonly on cultivated land, a two-part optionbased both on equipped and irrigated areasensures the recovery of fixed expenses suchas maintenance, while encouraging farmersto intensify their farming systems byadopting double cropping. Neverthelesschoosing a relevant water charge does notensure by itself the sustainability of anirrigation scheme. Combined supportproviding WUAS and farmers with efficientadvice regarding management andorganisational skills should alsocontribute significantly to achieve thisprime objective.     

宁蒙引黄灌区田间节水潜力计算方法分析

以黄河干流宁蒙大型自流引黄灌区为研究对象,采用分项法以及两种计算顺序对宁蒙引黄灌区田间节水潜力进行了计算,分析了不同计算顺序对田间节水潜力计算结果的影响,并采用综合法对分项法计算结果进行了验证,表明计算方法可靠。     

香梨幼林园在不同灌溉条件下生长的动态变化相关分析

在香梨3年生幼林园内,进行了常规沟植、渠道内外二侧种植的土壤贮水量和树木新梢生长量、叶片生长状况变化的测定。结果表明,渠外行的土壤贮水量和生长状况均好于沟植和渠内行。揭示了影响树木生长的不同灌溉条件的土壤水分状况和过程。提出了生产中要提倡渠外行栽种香梨,保持沟植香梨,放弃渠内行栽植香梨的生产模式理论依据。     

The feasibility of using variable rate water application under a central pivot irrigation system

The purpose of this paper was to assess the feasibility and significance of applying spatially variable irrigation under a central pivot system at the Federal German Agricultural Research Center, Braunschweig, Germany. The assessment was based on soil moisture holding capacity, soil depth variation and root development. Soil texture analysis was carried out by sampling on a 60 meter grid. The German Agro-Meteorological Model was applied to simulate the water balance in the crop-soil-atmosphere system for the growing season 2003/4. The research findings are presented in terms of six scenarios: 20, 30, 40 mm water application depths per irrigation under both variable rate application and uniform application. The comparison revealed that the loss of water was higher for the uniform application scenarios than that for the variable rate application (VRA) scenarios for the applications of 20 and 30 mm. The VRA scenario of 20 mm water application was found out to be the best option for water conservation.     

Irrigated land retirement

Land retirement is ceasing irrigation withthe goal of reducing load, in general, ofdissolved constituents and, in particular,of trace elements, present in subsurfacedrainage generated from irrigated lands. Retirement is achieved through a process ofgoal setting, strategy development anddetermining effects, developing landselection criteria, implementation, andmonitoring. In this study, effects of landretirement are evaluated using hydrologic,soil and economic models as well as resultsfrom a field demonstration study. From themodeling and field monitoring, a process isdeveloped to meet the goals of a landretirement program in the San JoaquinValley of California.Potential negative effects listed for landretirement included loss of agriculturalproductivity, perhaps permanently, and lossof revenue to surrounding communities. Uncertainties included those associatedwith reuse of retired lands as wildlifehabitat, with retired-land maintenanceincluding dust control, with potentialpreservation of retired lands in reservefor future re-introduction to irrigated ordry-land agriculture, and withinstitutional changes concerning repaymentof federal and state water contracts. Benefits would accrue from economic returnto the landowner from the sale of property,the sale or lease of irrigation watersupply, the reduced cost of handlingdrainage, and allocation of freed-up waterto beneficial uses, and the reduced risk ofselenium exposure to fish and wildlife.A recommended sequential approach to selectand manage retired land is to identifyprimary objectives; formulate and implementarea-specific land retirement scenarios;measure biologic, hydrologic, soils andeconomic consequences in the short term andthe long term and manage and monitorretired lands based on dynamic biologic,hydrologic and soil conditions.     

井灌水稻区渠道增温效果与其影响因素关系试验研究

通过田间试验 ,探求了三江平原井灌水稻区渠道内井水增温与其几个影响因素的函数关系 ,建立了经验模型 ,可供灌溉管理者及有关人士参考。