黄瓜病害控制中多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵的替代药剂评价

广泛使用的杀菌剂多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵对人类和环境生物存在较高的安全风险。从防治效果看，温室内黄瓜叶片上喷雾施用异菌脲（0．562kg·hm^-2）、嘧霉胺（0．450kg·hm^-2）和啶菌恶唑（0．070kg·hm^-2）对黄瓜灰霉病（Botrytiscinema）的控制效果均达到70％以上；喷雾施用氟硅唑（0．056kg·hm^-2）、嘧菌酯（0．141kg·hm^-2）、醚菌酯（0．141kg·hm^-2）和腈菌唑（0．028kg·hm^-2）对黄瓜白粉病（Sphaerotheca．fuliginea）也有较好的控制效果。从危害水平看，除百菌清外，根据其他几种备选农药相关参数计算得到的危害水平值均低于多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵。防效试验和危害水平对比相结合说明，在推荐剂量范围内，异菌脲、嘧霉胺、啶菌恶唑3种药剂可以代替多菌灵，而氟硅唑、嘧菌酯、醚菌酯和腈菌唑4种药剂可以代替甲基硫菌灵，分别用于防治黄瓜灰霉病和黄瓜白粉病，从而降低由这两种药剂使用而造成的潜在危害。     

溴化十六烷基三甲铵存在时伏安法测定雌二醇含量

雌二醇在用裸玻碳电极进行伏安法测定时的电活性极低。但雌二醇在有阳离子表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲铵 (CTMAB)存在时 ,使用Nafion修饰的玻碳电极 ,则可于 0 .35V处有一灵敏的响应。据此 ,建立了雌二醇的线性扫描伏安测定法。适宜条件下 ,线性范围为1× 1 0 - 8mol/L8× 1 0 - 5 mol/L ,检测限为 5× 1 0 - 9mol/L。     

希夫碱钛配合物/三异丁基铝催化MMA本体聚合

经希夫碱缩合反应,制得水杨醛亚胺配体(1),其Na盐分别与TiCl4和CpTi-Cl3反应合成了新型希夫碱钛配合物{3,5-di-Br-2-(O)C6H2CHN[2(O)C6H4]}TiCl2(2);{3,5-di-Br-2-(O)C6H2CHN[2(O)C6H4]}[TiCl(C5H5)](3).以GC-MS,1HNMR和元素分析对中间产物及配合物进行了表征.以Al(i-Bu)3为助催化剂,详细考察了聚合时间、温度、Al/Cat和MMA/Cat的摩尔比对催化MMA本体聚合的影响.两个催化体系的聚合转化率均可以达到62%左右.2/Al(i-Bu)3(A)催化体系在聚合条件MMA/Cat(摩尔比)=2 000,Al/Cat(摩尔比)=20,T=60℃,t=15 h下,Mη可以达到3.6×105,相对分子质量分布2.14;3/Al(i-Bu)3(B)催化体系在相同聚合条件下,Mη可以达到4.3×105,相对分子质量分布2.44.红外光谱分析表明,A,B两个催化体系所得的PMMA的间同含量分别为85%和86%左右.     

油酸甲酯溶剂对高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂物理性状及药效的影响

采用浸渍法、表面张力仪测定法和液滴干燥法分别测定了不同油酸甲酯含量的药液在3种作物叶片上的最大稳定持留量、表面张力及干燥时间,以浸叶法与浸虫法测定了不同油酸甲酯用量下高效氯氟氰菊酯对菜青虫及小地老虎的室内毒力,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,在2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂中油酸甲酯用量从5%提高至35%,稀释药液最大稳定持留量提高21.08%~125.14%,表面张力降低6~12 mN/m,干燥时间延长6~20 min,且高效氯氟氰菊酯对菜青虫和小地老虎的毒力明显增强;田间增加油酸甲酯用量可明显提高高效氯氟氰菊酯对菜青虫的防治效果,3 000倍液药后7天防效从79.22%增至96.54%。     

铬天青S－溴化十六烷基三甲铵－乙醇高灵敏分光光度法测定植物和土壤水中铝

本文探讨了铝与铬天青Ｓ的最佳显色反应条件。当ｐＨ为６．５，在溴化十六烷基三甲铵（ＣＴＭＡＢ）和乙醇的存在下，铝与铬天青Ｓ形成绿色配合物，最大吸收峰位于６３５ｕｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为１．６５×１０５Ｌ／ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ，铝含量在０～０．２４μｇ／ｍＬ范围内符合比耳定律。在本实验条件下，该方法具有良好的选择性，应用于植物和土壤水中铝的测定，结果满意。     

羧甲基纤维素钠对土壤团粒结构及水分运动特性的影响

土壤改良剂的应用研究对改善土壤环境,促进作物生长有着重要意义。该文通过向土壤中添加不同质量的羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose,简称CMC),研究了不同含量的CMC对土壤团粒结构及水分运动的影响。结果表明:随着CMC含量的增大,土壤水稳性团聚体含量增大,土壤分形维数减小,土壤黏粒和粉粒比例减少,砂粒比例增多,黏粒和粉粒均与土壤分形维数呈正相关关系,砂粒与分形维数呈负相关关系,黏粒含量对土壤分形维数影响最为显著,土壤中0.1 mm的颗粒含量减少,而≥0.1 mm的颗粒含量均有不同程度的增加;随CMC含量的增大,土壤的入渗能力减弱,稳定入渗率显著减小,Philip公式中吸渗率减小,Kostiakov公式中的经验系数减小,经验指数增大;随着CMC含量的增大,土壤的持水能力增强,van Genuchten公式中土壤滞留含水率、饱和含水率及与进气值相关的系数均有所增大,形状系数逐渐减小。该研究对可为CMC的田间土壤改良应用提供理论依据。     

Capacity of fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns to describe differences in soil microbial communities associated with increased salinity or alkalinity at three locations in South Australia

 Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles, together with Biolog substrate utilization patterns, were used in conjunction with measurements of other soil chemical and microbiological properties to describe differences in soil microbial communities induced by increased salinity and alkalinity in grass/legume pastures at three sites in SE South Australia. Total ester-linked FAMEs (EL-FAMEs) and phospholipid-linked FAMEs (PL-FAMEs), were also compared for their ability to detect differences between the soil microbial communities. The level of salinity and alkalinity in affected areas of the pastures showed seasonal variation, being greater in summer than in winter. At the time of sampling for the chemical and microbiological measurements (winter) only the affected soil at site 1 was significantly saline. The affected soils at all three sites had lower organic C and total N concentrations than the corresponding non-affected soils. At site 1 microbial biomass, CO₂-C respiration and the rate of cellulose decomposition was also lower in the affected soil compared to the non-affected soil. Biomarker fatty acids present in both the EL- and PL-FAME profiles indicated a lower ratio of fungal to bacterial fatty acids in the saline affected soil at site 1. Analysis of Biolog substrate utilization patterns indicated that the bacterial community in the affected soil at site 1 utilized fewer carbon substrates and had lower functional diversity than the corresponding community in the non-affected soil. In contrast, increased alkalinity, of major importance at sites 2 and 3, had no effect on microbial biomass, the rate of cellulose decomposition or functional diversity but was associated with significant differences in the relative amounts of several fatty acids in the PL-FAME profiles indicative of a shift towards a bacterial dominated community. Despite differences in the number and relative amounts of fatty acids detected, principal component analysis of the EL- and PL-FAME profiles were equally capable of separating the affected and non-affected soils at all three sites. Redundancy analysis of the FAME data showed that organic C, microbial biomass, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate-extractable P were significantly correlated with variation in the EL-FAME profiles, whereas pH, electrical conductivity, NH₄-N, CO₂-C respiration and the microbial quotient were significantly correlated with variation in the PL-FAME profiles. Redundancy analysis of the Biolog data indicated that cation exchange capacity and bicarbonate-extractable K were significantly correlated with the variation in Biolog substrate utilization patterns. Received: 8 March 2000     

Enzyme activities and microbial community structure in semiarid agricultural soils

This study investigated the effect of management on -glucosidase, -glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, and arylsulfatase activities and the microbial community structure in semiarid soils from West Texas, USA. Surface samples (0–5 cm) were taken from a fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and loam that were under continuous cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) or in cotton rotated with peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.), rye ( Secale cereale) or wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), and had different water management (irrigated or dryland), and tillage (conservation or conventional). The enzyme activities were higher in the loam and sandy clay loam than in the fine sandy loam. Soil pH was not affected by management, but the soil organic C and total N contents were generally affected by the different crop rotations and tillage practices studied. The trends of the enzyme activities as affected by management depended on the soil, but in general crop rotations and conservation tillage increased the enzyme activities in comparison to continuous cotton and conventional tillage. The soil enzyme activities were significantly correlated with the soil organic C ( r -values up to 0.90, P< 0.001), and were correlated among each other ( r -values up to 0.90, P <0.001). There were differences in the fatty acid methyl ester profiles between the fine sandy loam and the sandy clay loam and loam, and they reflected the differences in the enzyme activities found among the soils. For example, a 15:0 ranged from 1.61±0.25% in cotton-peanut/irrigated/no-till in the fine sandy loam to 3.86±0.48% in cotton-sorghum/dryland/conservation tillage in the sandy clay loam. There were no differences due to management within the same soil.Trade names and company names are included for the benefit of the reader and do not infer any endorsement or preferential treatment of the product by USDA-ARS     

Soil microbial community characteristics along an elevation gradient in the Laguna Mountains of Southern California

We sampled soil at four sites in the Laguna Mountains in the western Sonoran Desert to test the effects of site and sample location (between or beneath plants) on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and carbon substrate ulilization (Biolog) profiles. The four sites differed in elevation, soil type, plant community composition, and plant percent cover. Soil pH decreased and plant density increased with elevation. Fertile islands, defined as areas beneath plants with greater soil resources than bare areas, are present at all sites, but are most pronounced at lower elevations. Consistent with this pattern, fertile islands had the greatest influence on FAME and Biolog profiles at lower elevations. Based on the use of FAME biomarker and principal components analyses, we found that soil microbial communities between plants at the lowest elevation had proportionally more Gram-negative bacteria than all other soils. At the higher elevation sites there were few differences in FAME profiles of soils sampled between vs. beneath plants. Differences in FAME profiles under plants among the four sites were small, suggesting that the plant influence per se is more important than plant type in controlling FAME profiles. Since microbial biomass carbon was correlated with FAME number (r=0.85,P<0.0001) and with FAME named (r=0.88,P<0.0001) and total areas (r=0.84,P<0.0001), we standardized the FAME data to ensure that differences in FAME profiles among samples were not the result of differences in microbial biomass. Differences in microbial substrate utilization profiles among sampling locations were greatest between samples taken under vs. between plants at the two lower elevation sites. Microbial substrate utilization profiles, therefore, also seem to be influenced more by the presence of plants than by specific plant type.     

节杆菌与施氏假单胞菌对甲基对硫磷的共降解研究

为实现对有机磷农药甲基对硫磷的彻底降解,研究利用有机磷农药降解菌施氏假单胞菌YC-YH1与对硝基苯酚降解菌CN2对甲基对硫磷进行共降解试验,同时克隆了参与降解过程的相关基因,并对2株菌株在对甲基对硫磷污染土壤的原位修复中的效果进行研究。结果表明,与YC-YH1单独降解相比,YC-YH1和CN2共降解在处理前32 h无较大差异;但之后,甲基对硫磷和对硝基苯酚的降解速度明显加快,处理48 h后甲基对硫磷即被完全降解,比单独用YC-H1降解时提前了16 h,处理64 h时对硝基苯酚就被完全降解。而土壤修复的研究结果表明,菌株YC-YH1与CN2能够高效降解甲基对硫磷,72 h对土壤中100 mg/kg甲基对硫磷的降解率接近100%,尤以未灭菌土壤中降解效果更好。