Temporal and spatial dynamics of soil solution C and N concentrations during Lolium perenne L. sward establishment and the effects of elevated CO2 and N additions

There is now clear evidence for a prolonged increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and enrichment of the biosphere with N. Understanding the fate of C in the plant-soil system under different CO₂ and N regimes is therefore of considerable importance in predicting the environmental effects of climate change and in predicting the sustainability of ecosystems. Swards of Lolium perenne were grown from seed in a Eutric Cambisol at either ambient (ca. 350 μmol mol⁻¹) or elevated (700 μmol mol⁻¹) atmospheric pCO₂ and subjected to two inorganic N fertilizer regimes (no added N and 70 kg N ha⁻¹ month⁻¹). After germination, soil solution concentrations of dissolved organic C (DOC), dissolved inorganic N (DIN), dissolved organic N (DON), phenolics and H⁺ were measured at five depths down the soil profile over 3 months. The exploration of soil layers down the soil profile by roots caused transient increases in soil solution DOC, DON and phenolic concentrations, which then subsequently returned to lower quasi-stable concentrations. In general, the addition of N tended to increase DOC and DON concentrations while exposure to elevated pCO₂ had the opposite effect. These treatment effects, however, gradually diminished over the duration of the experiment from the top of the soil profile downwards. The ambient pCO₂ plus added N regime was the only treatment to maintain a notable difference in soil solution solute concentration, relative to other treatments. This effect on soil solution chemistry appeared to be largely indirect resulting from increased plant growth and a decrease in soil moisture content. Our results show that although plant growth responses to elevated pCO₂ are critically dependent upon N availability, the organic chemistry of the soil solution is relatively insensitive to changes in plant growth once the plants have become established.     

塞内加尔达喀尔地区沙丘土壤中有机添加物的荧光表征及去向

The application of organic amendments on soils poor in organic matter (OM) can improve long-term soil fertility, but may also enhance the mineralization of native soil organic matter. Three organic amendments, compost, sewage sludge and horse manure used by urban market gardeners in Dakar, Senegal were analyzed for their OM maturity. Their fate was evaluated in a 45-d agronomic trial in a sandy Arenosol with lettuce. In each case, water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) and humic-like substances (HLS) were isolated from raw amendments and amended soils, and characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy. Results highlighted the general more aromatic character of HLS and WEOM fractions extracted from compost compared to the other two amendments. When applied to soils, however, these differences were not clearly observed. The aromaticity and humification degree of the labile fraction (WEOM) increased with depth in the first 30 cm for all amendments. This indicated the high lixiviation rates that fresh OM underwent in the studied sandy soil. Finally, a statistical analysis of the results was able to discriminate between surface and deeper horizons and between amended- and non-amended soil samples. Spectroscopic indices showed indeed strong increase/decrease with depth linked with the mineralization/humification processes that the fresh OM from amendments underwent during the 45 d of the agronomic trial. This study highlights the potential of spectroscopic techniques to study agricultural amendment organic matter fractions and their fate in soils.     

Quantitative aspects of solid-state C-NMR spectra of humic substances from soils of volcanic systems

Cross-Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (CPMAS ¹³C-NMR) represents one of the most powerful tools to investigate soil organic matter (SOM) mainly because of its inherent capacity to provide a semi-quantitative evaluation of carbon distribution. A critical parameter during acquisition of CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectra is the contact time required to obtain the cross-polarisation between proton and carbon nuclei. The procedure to evaluate the best contact time for the acquisition of a quantitative CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectrum is to perform Variable Contact Time (VCT) experiments. In this work the structural features of a number of purified humic substances from Italian and Costarican volcanic soils were investigated by CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy after having performed preliminary VCT experiments. The VCT experiments showed that the average contact times vary according to the origin and chemical structure of the humic material. The optimal contact times (OCT) for nine humic samples were between 250 and 800 μs These values were different from the time of 1000 μs that is commonly applied as the best average contact time for humic materials. Moreover, by comparing the NMR data to those obtained by elemental analysis (C/H ratio), it appeared that the efficiency of the cross-polarisation between protons and carbons, and hence the contact time, is affected not only by the number of protons, but also by their distribution over the molecules. The evaluation of errors in quantitative estimation of the different carbons revealed that the use of OCT generally reduced by half the loss of signals occurring when the average contact time of 1000 μs is used in CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectra of humic substances.     

长江中游水稻土潜育作用的特点

The gleyization of representative paddy soils in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River was characterized, taking oxidation-reduction potential(Eh), the amount of active reducing substances and the forms of iron and manganese as the parameters. The Eh value was linearly related with the logarithm of the amount of active reducing substances, which was contributed by ferrous iron by 83% on an average. The degree of gleyization of different horizons was graded as ungleyed, slightly gleyed, mildly gleyed and gleyed. The Eh of the four grades was > 500, 300-500, 100-300 and < 100 mV, respectively, and the corresponding amount of active reducing substances was < 1, 1-7, 7-30 and > 30 mmol_c kg^-1, respectively. The amount of ferrous iron of the four grades was < 0.5, 0.5-5, 5-25 and > 25 mmol kg^-1, respectively. The extent of gleyization of a soil was classified as upper-gleyed, middle-gleyed and lower-gleyed, depending on whether the depth of the gley horizon was less than 30 cm, 30-60 cm or more than 60 cm.     

Evolution of humic substances from unripe compost during incubation with lignolytic or cellulolytic microorganisms and effects on the lettuce growth promotion mediated byAzotobacter chroococcum

Some recalcitrant organic wastes, which contain a large proportion of lignin or cellulose, are not changed much by composting, and thus the effectiveness of the compost as fertilizer is usua.lly low. In this study, incubation of unripe compost with ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms —Trichoderma viride orBacillus spp. — was investigated to increase the degree of humification of the organic matter present, and improve ils quality as a soil amendment. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses together with humification indices and electrofocusing patterns were used to monitor the evolution of the humic substances during the incubation process. Plant growth effects exerted by Azotobacter chroococcum on lettuce plants growing on the previously incubated compost were affected by the length of incubation and by changes in the composition of humic substances. Higher organic matter content and better humification seem to be important factors for predictingA. chroococcum hebaviour in the rhizosphere.     

辐照西洋参培养物皂苷次生代谢调控的研究

研究了不同前体、前体浓度、前体加入时期、前体作用时间、ATP浓度、烟酸浓度对西洋参芽胞愈伤组织生长及皂苷合成的影响。结果表明 :0 1 %甲羟戊酸对生长有抑制作用 ,对皂苷合成有明显的促进作用 ;1 0 0mg L亮氨酸对生长无明显影响 ,对皂苷合成有促进作用 ;444mg L的醋酸镁对培养物生长和皂苷合成都有促进作用 ;在继代开始时加入前体皂苷含量最高 ;甲羟戊酸作用 6h皂苷产量最高 ;1 60mg LATP对生长和皂苷合成均有促进作用 ;1 0mg L烟酸利于培养物生长和皂苷合成 ;用6 0 Coγ射线辐照培养物 ,剂量为 40 0 0Gy时得到皂苷含量高于原愈伤组织 1倍的细胞系。     

氰戊菊酯、辛硫磷及其混剂对棉铃虫解毒代谢酶的影响

采用点滴法，筛选出对抗性棉铃虫具有明显增效作用的氰戊菊酯、辛硫磷杀虫剂混剂。用氰戊菊酯、辛硫磷及其混剂的亚致死剂量分别对棉铃虫幼虫进行处理，以丙酮处理为对照，24h后测定其代谢酶活性。结果表明：①多功能氧化酶催化的环氧化酶活性和O-脱甲基酶活性在棉铃虫敏感(S)品系中易被诱导，尤以前者最明显，而在抗性(R)品系中在一定程度上被抑制。②药剂对非特异性酯酶产生不同程度的抑制现象，尤以辛硫磷抑制最明显，对羧酸酯酶的抑制作用强于对非特异性酯酶的抑制作用，对R品系的抑制作用强于对S品系的抑制作用。③药剂对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性的影响与对谷胱甘肽含量的影响趋势相一致，在S品系中均产生抑制作用，以混剂最明显，而在R品系中只有氰戊菊酯产生抑制作用，辛硫磷和混剂却表现出诱导作用。     

在循环养殖系统中不同溶氧量对虹鳟幼鱼代谢水平的影响

在循环养殖系统中设置四种溶氧水平,分别为7.05、8.82、11.84和15.80 mg/L,其中8.82 mg/L为对照组,对虹鳟幼鱼（体长13.0-18.5 cm）的代谢水平及生长率进行了研究。结果表明,饲养30 d后7.05mg/L的低溶氧使虹鳟幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率下降,11.84和15.80 mg/L溶氧下饲养的鱼耗氧率明显增加,15.80 mg/L使鱼的排氨率显著高于对照组。并且11.84和15.80 mg/L组虹鳟幼鱼在24 h内都具有高的代谢水平。随着溶氧量提高,虹鳟幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率和饲料转化率均随之升高,表现出生长指标的明显变化。     

日粮铁锌碘硒水平对蛋鸡代谢酶活力和蛋品质的影响

为评价高铁高锌高碘高硒日粮对产蛋母鸡代谢酶活力和蛋黄中铁锌碘硒水平，以每千克日粮中含Fe25mg,Zn60mg,I0.5mg,Se0.2mg(对照组），Fe360mg,Zn420mg,I35mg,Se0.85mg（试验I组），Fe720mg,Zn840mg,I70mg,Se1.5mg（试验Ⅱ组）饲喂196日龄60羽绿壳蛋鸡30d，观察蛋鸡生产性能、代谢酶活力和蛋黄中铁锌碘硒含量的变化。结果表明：与对照组比较，蛋黄铁含量试验I组和Ⅱ组分别增加60．26％和69．42％；蛋黄锌含量增加55．67％和70．21％；蛋黄碘含量增加862．50％和1200％；蛋黄硒含量增加352．54％和560．10％。试验组鸡血浆ALP活力上升，GPT、GOT及SOD活力各组间无明显差异。但高铁高锌高碘高硒日粮会引起蛋鸡生产性能下降。试验结果提示：高铁高锌高碘高硒日粮可大幅度提高蛋中铁锌碘硒含量，但并不影响鸡血浆中酶的活性，因此产蛋母鸡可作为日粮中铁锌碘硒向蛋中转运的良好载体。     

三颗针提取物对肉仔鸡生长、养分表观代谢率和消化酶活性的影响

研究了日粮中添加抗生素或不同剂量三颗针提取物对肉仔鸡生长、养分表观代谢率和部分消化酶活性的影响。选择240只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每重复10只鸡,公母各半。处理1饲喂基础日粮添加5mg·kg-1阿维拉霉素,处理2,3,4分别在基础日粮中添加三颗针提取物0.2%,0.35%,0.5%,进行7周的饲养试验和代谢试验。结果表明:与添加阿维拉霉素组相比,添加不同量三颗针提取物,肉仔鸡7周末体重、日增重、料重比均没有显著差异(P>0.05),添加0.35%,0.5%三颗针提取物显著降低了肉仔鸡采食量(P<0.05),极显著降低了粗蛋白质、钙和总磷表观代谢率(P<0.01),分别显著(P<0.05)、极显著(P<0.01)降低了粗脂肪表观代谢率;除添加0.2%三颗针提取物极显著提高了淀粉酶活性外(P<0.01),其他均极显著降低了淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P<0.01)。试验说明,与添加阿维拉霉素相比,肉仔鸡日粮中添加三颗针提取物可不降低肉仔鸡生长性能,但随添加量的增加,可降低肉仔鸡的采食量,不利于肉仔鸡养分表观消化率和消化酶活性的提高。