黄曲霉毒素生物合成及代谢转换的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxins,AFs)是真菌产生的有机代谢产物,具有强烈的生物毒性,广泛存在于饲料原料和各类饲料之中。本文综述了AFs的产生条件、合成途径以及AFB1在动物体内的代谢转化,旨为黄曲霉毒素的防控和动物健康养殖提供参考。     

干旱胁迫下保水剂对雪茄烟叶碳氮代谢和中性香气物质含量的影响

为研究干旱胁迫下保水剂种类和用量对雪茄烟叶碳氮代谢和香气质量的影响,以德雪3号为试材,采用盆栽试验研究不同保水剂种类(SAP保水剂、沃特保水剂和自制保水剂TS-PAA)与用量(2、4、6 g·株^-1)下的雪茄烟叶碳氮代谢和中性致香成分含量变化。结果表明:1)使用保水剂可有效提高雪茄烟生长发育前期(45 d以前)氮代谢强度,加速氮素营养向烟碱的转化与积累,削弱后期(60 d以后)氮代谢强度,使烟碱的积累程度明显减弱,75 d时各处理的烟碱含量较对照均有大幅度下降,以TS-PAA 2 g·株^-1处理降幅最大,为32.26%。2)使用保水剂能加速中后期(45 d以后)碳代谢进程,促进雪茄烟叶中淀粉、总糖、还原糖含量增加,其中以TS-PAA 4 g·株^-1处理增幅最高,较CK增幅分别为327.28%、80.51%、79.54%,糖碱比增幅161.90%,两糖比(还原糖/总糖)均维持在0.9左右。3)使用保水剂还能显著延迟叶片衰老,提升烟株的抗旱能力,促进雪茄烟叶中性致香成分积累。4)在干旱协迫条件下,保水剂的使用有利于促进雪茄烟叶生长发育过程中碳氮代谢的合理转化与动态平衡,提升烟叶品质。不同处理比较,TS-PAA、沃特保水剂处理以4 g·株^-1,SAP保水剂处理以6 g·株^-1用量时作用效果最佳。     

黄羽肉种鸡营养需要量与饲料研究进展

为促进我国黄羽肉鸡种业高效、健康发展,解决目前存在的饲粮浪费、环境污染以及繁殖效能低下等问题尤为关键。总结了关于黄羽肉种鸡营养需要量和饲料研究方面的国内外相关文献,从其代谢能、粗蛋白质、主要必需氨基酸（蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、精氨酸和异亮氨酸）、维生素（VA、VD、VE）和矿物元素（钙、磷、铁、铜、锌、锰和硒）的需要量,饲料资源评价与利用,生物活性添加剂益生素与益生菌,植物提取物和中草药制剂,抗应激剂应用等方面研究现状进行较全面的综述,对存在问题和未来研发趋势进行分析。总体来看,近年来在黄羽肉种鸡营养需要量和饲料添加剂的应用研究越来越多,但主要集中在产蛋期,研发亮点在于开展黄羽肉鸡代谢能每天需要量与代谢体重、平均日增重和产蛋量的相关性分析,以代谢体重、平均日增重和产蛋量为变量,建立了重型、中型和轻型 3 种类型黄羽肉种母鸡日粮氮校正代谢能需要量析因法预测模型。目前黄羽肉种鸡育雏期、育成期营养及限饲技术研究报道较少,饲料资源评价与安全高效利用技术、繁殖性能提升关键技术等仍需进一步突破。     

脂质分析技术及其在植物种子脂质 代谢调控研究中的应用进展

脂质是一类具有独特生理功能活性的化合物,参与调节多种植物应答非生物胁迫过程,对维持植 物组织中生理动态平衡至关重要。脂质组学（Lipidomics）自 2003 年被提出后,已迅速发展成为对脂质整体系 统分析的一门新兴学科,为传统代谢组学注入新的技术支撑,有助于阐明脂类物质在植物中的代谢调控机制。 同时,质谱成像技术因其具有无标记、非特异性、高灵敏度、多物质同时分析等优势,被广泛应用到植物组织 中各类脂质分子的空间分布研究。介绍了脂质组学和质谱成像技术的研究现状,重点综述脂质分析技术在植物 种子脂质代谢调控研究中的最新进展,特别是新兴质谱成像技术在植物种子中脂类物质的成像应用。脂质组学 和质谱成像技术作为目前多组学技术的重要补充,将为植物代谢途径和调控机制的深入探究提供新的契机。亚 微米级高空间分辨率质谱成像技术的不断发展,将进一步推动植物在空间分辨水平的脂质代谢调控网络的深入 解析和前沿应用研究。     

宫内生长受限湖羊新生羔羊的血浆代谢组学研究

湖羊是我国珍贵的肉毛兼用的绵羊品种,并具有繁殖率高和宜舍饲等特点。在生产中,往往因其多胎性易导致妊娠期湖羊营养不良,造成新生羔羊宫内生长受限（intrauterine growth retardation,IUGR）。应用代谢组学一维氢谱核磁共振技术（¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance,¹H-NMR）研究新生羔羊的血浆代谢谱。根据出生体质量筛选出14只湖羊新生羔羊,分为正常出生体质量组（normal birth weight,NBW）和IUGR组（n=7）,采用¹H-NMR分析其血液样品。将代谢谱数据进行统计分析,并对鉴定的代谢物进行表达差异分析以及代谢途径归属。NBW组和IUGR组新生羔羊血浆样品共获得32种代谢物,16种代谢物在2组间差异表达,IUGR组有10个代谢物含量显著低于NBW组（P<0.05）,6个代谢物含量显著高于NBW组（P<0.05）。2组间差异显著的代谢通路主要为氨基酸、碳水化合物、脂类物质等代谢通路。应用基于¹H-NMR的代谢组学及生物信息学分析方法,确定了IUGR新生羔羊与正常羔羊血液代谢物之间存在差异,为进一步深入研究IUGR的分子机制奠定了基础。     

巨菌草根际土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性分析

【目的】研究福州平潭巨菌草根际土壤与非根际土壤微生物对不同碳源利用,明确巨菌草对根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,为巨菌草生态治理提供理论依据。【方法】在福州平潭基地采集巨菌草(Pennisetum giganteum)根际土和非根际土壤样品,采用Biolog-ECO 技术研究巨菌草根际土与非根际土壤微生物对不同碳源利用特性,揭示不同碳源利用的不同及影响差异的主要因素。【结果】与对照相比,巨菌草根际土壤微生物的代谢活性高于非根际土壤;多样性分析结果表明,与非根际土壤相比,巨菌草根际土壤样品的Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Brillouin多样性指数略高,差异不显著;主成分分析结果表明,对主成分一和主成分二贡献大的碳源种类分别为22 种和6种,糖类是巨菌草根际土壤微生物利用的主要碳源类型。【结论】与非根际土壤相比,巨菌草根际土壤微生物群落在碳源利用及代谢功能多样性高于非根际土壤。     

Effect of Dietary Nonstructural Carbohydrate Content on Activation of 5′‐Adenosine Monophosphate‐Activated Protein Kinase in Liver,Skeletal Muscle,and Digital Laminae of Lean and Obese Ponies

Background

In EMS‐associated laminitis, laminar failure may occur in response to energy failure related to insulin resistance (IR) or to the effect of hyperinsulinemia on laminar tissue. 5′‐Adenosine‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a marker of tissue energy deprivation, which may occur in IR.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To characterize tissue AMPK regulation in ponies subjected to a dietary carbohydrate (CHO) challenge.

Animals

Twenty‐two mixed‐breed ponies.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting for total AMPK and phospho(P)‐AMPK and RT‐qPCR for AMPK‐responsive genes were performed on laminar, liver, and skeletal muscle samples collected after a 7‐day feeding protocol in which ponies stratified on body condition score (BCS; obese or lean) were fed either a low‐CHO diet (ESC + starch, approximately 7% DM; n = 5 obese, 5 lean) or a high‐CHO diet (ESC + starch, approximately 42% DM; n = 6 obese, 6 lean).

Results

5′‐Adenosine‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase was immunolocalized to laminar keratinocytes, dermal constituents, and hepatocytes. A high‐CHO diet resulted in significantly decreased laminar [P‐AMPK] in lean ponies (P = .03), but no changes in skeletal muscle (lean, P = .33; obese, P = .43) or liver (lean, P = .84; obese, P = .13) [P‐AMPK]. An inverse correlation existed between [blood glucose] and laminar [P‐AMPK] in obese ponies on a high‐CHO diet.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Laminar tissue exhibited a normal response to a high‐CHO diet (decreased [P‐AMPK]), whereas this response was not observed in liver and skeletal muscle in both lean (skeletal muscle, P = .33; liver, P = .84) and obese (skeletal muscle, P = .43; liver, P = .13) ponies.     

Grazing behaviour,physical activity and metabolic profile of two Holstein strains in an organic grazing system

The challenge for sustainable organic dairy farming is identification of cows that are well adapted to forage‐based production systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the grazing behaviour, physical activity and metabolic profile of two different Holstein strains kept in an organic grazing system without concentrate supplementation. Twelve Swiss (H_CH; 566 kg body weight (BW) and 12 New Zealand Holstein‐Friesian (H_NZ; 530 kg BW) cows in mid‐lactation were kept in a rotational grazing system. After an adaptation period, the milk yield, nutrient intake, physical activity and grazing behaviour were recorded for each cow for 7 days. On three consecutive days, blood was sampled at 07:00, 12:00 and 17:00 h from each cow by jugular vein puncture. Data were analysed using linear mixed models. No differences were found in milk yield, but milk fat (3.69 vs. 4.05%, P = 0.05) and milk protein percentage (2.92 vs. 3.20%, P < 0.01) were lower in H_CH than in H_NZ cows. Herbage intake did not differ between strains, but organic matter digestibility was greater (P = 0.01) in H_CH compared to H_NZ cows. The H_CH cows spent less (P = 0.04) time ruminating (439 vs. 469 min/day) and had a lower (P = 0.02) number of ruminating boli when compared to the H_NZ cows. The time spent eating and physical activity did not differ between strains. Concentrations of IGF‐1 and T3 were lower (P ≤ 0.05) in H_CH than H_NZ cows. In conclusion, H_CH cows were not able to increase dry matter intake in order to express their full genetic potential for milk production when kept in an organic grazing system without concentrate supplementation. On the other hand, H_NZ cows seem to compensate for the reduced nutrient availability better than H_CH cows but could not use that advantage for increased production efficiency.     

The interaction among age,thermal acclimation and growth rate in determining muscle metabolic capacities and tissue masses in the threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus

Thermal acclimation may directly modify muscle metabolic capacities, or may modify them indirectly via effects upon physiological processes such as growth, reproduction or senescence. To evaluate these interacting effects, we examined the influence of thermal acclimation and acclimatization upon muscle metabolic capacities and tissue masses in 1 + stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, in which confounding interactions between temperature and senescense should be absent. Furthermore, we examined the influence of thermal acclimation upon individual growth rate, muscle enzyme levels and tissue masses in 2 + stickleback sampled at the beginning of their final reproductive season. For 1 + stickleback, cold acclimation more than doubles mitochondrial enzyme levels in the axial muscle. Thermal acclimation did not change the condition of 1 + stickleback at feeding levels which could not maintain the condition of 2+ stickleback. Compensatory metabolic responses to temperature were not apparent in field acclimatized 1 + stickleback. The growth rate of 2 + stickleback was markedly affected by temperature: warm-acclimated fish generally lost mass even at very high levels of feeding (up to 78 enchytraid worms per day) while cold-acclimated fish gained mass. This suggests that warm temperatures accelerate the senescence of 2 + stickleback. Generally, muscle enzyme activities increased with growth rate. In axial muscle, the relationships between CS activity and growth rate differed with acclimation temperature. Independent of the influence of growth rate, CS activities were consistently higher in cold- than warm-acclimated 2 + stickleback, suggesting compensatory increases of CS activity with cold acclimation. Corresponding author; This paper is dedicated to the memory of Gerry J. FitzGerald who passed away on March 14, 1994.