Evaluating environmental impacts of the Japanese beef cow–calf system by the life cycle assessment method

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the environmental impacts of a beef cow–calf system using a life cycle assessment (LCA) method and to investigate the effects of scenarios to reduce environmental impacts on the LCA results. The functional unit was defined as one marketed beef calf, and the processes associated with the cow–calf life cycle, such as feed production, feed transport, animal management, the biological activity of the animal and the treatment of cattle waste were included in the system boundary. The present results showed that the total contributions of one beef calf throughout its life cycle to global warming, acidification, eutrophication and energy consumption were 4550 kg of CO₂ equivalents, 40.1 kg of SO₂ equivalents, 7.0 kg of phosphate (PO₄) equivalents and 16.1 GJ, respectively. The contribution of each process to the total environmental impact in each environmental impact category showed a similar tendency to the contribution of each process in each environmental category reported in the case of the beef fattening system as a whole. The results from this analysis showed that shortening calving intervals by 1 month reduced environmental impacts by 5.7–5.8% in all the environmental impact categories examined in the current study, and increasing the number of calves per cow also reduced environmental impacts in all the categories, although the effects were smaller.     

一氧化碳对切花月季瓶插寿命和抗氧化代谢的影响

 研究了不同浓度(0.001、0.01和0.1μmol·L ^{- 1} ) 的外源一氧化碳(CO) 供体高铁血红素(Hematin, H) 对切花月季‘影星’的瓶插寿命和抗氧化代谢的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, CO供体在0.001～0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}范围内, 随使用浓度的提高延长了切花月季的瓶插寿命, 其中0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}处理效果最明显, 而0.1μmol·L ^{- 1}的处理反而缩短切花月季的瓶插寿命。进一步研究发现, H 0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}处理还不同程度地上调前期过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性, 显著降低MDA含量。     

TritonX-100对月季切花效应的研究

以月季为材料,研究聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(TritonX-100)预处理缓解水分胁迫对切花的影响.结果表明:体积分数0.01 % TritonX-100预处理1 h能有效缓解短期水分胁迫对月季切花水分代谢的影响,从而使切花瓶插寿命接近正常水平.     

Effect of exogenous putrescine on post-harvest life of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) fruit,cultivar Selva

Effect of different concentrations of putrescine on post-harvest life of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) fruit, cultivar Selva at 5 °C was studied. Fruits were immerged in 0.3, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM putrescine as well as distilled water (control) for 5 min, then transferred into the fridge (5 °C) together with untreated fruits (dry treatment). The rate of weight loss, ethylene production, flesh firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and pH of fruits were determined 5, 9 and 13 days after the beginning of storage. Flesh firmness, appearance, color change and taste of fruits were also determined in the same intervals using a taste panel. Storage life of the strawberry fruits was significantly increased by the use of putrescine, so that the untreated and control fruits had 6 and 8 days storage life, respectively, while the immerged fruits in 1 and 2 mM putrescine were still suitable to be exposed in the market 12 and 14 days after the beginning of storage, respectively. No significant weight losses were observed in treated fruits compared to controls and dry treatment at all determination times. Ethylene production was decreased significantly by the use of putrescine. Untreated fruits (dry treatment) had the highest rate of ethylene production and the lowest rate was occurred in 2 mM putrescine treatment at all determination times (5, 9 and 13 days after the beginning of storage). The use of putrescine also prevented the softening of fruit flesh during the storage and kept their firmness, so that, the 2 mM putrescine treatment caused the highest fruit firmness at all determination times. Distilled water treatment (control) had the lowest fruit firmness 5 and 9 days after storage, while this occurred for the dry treatment 13 days after storage. Soluble solids content, pH and titratable acidity of the fruits were not significantly affected by the use of putrescine, but the highest and lowest rate of titratable acidity were related to the 2 mM putrescine and dry treatment, respectively, at the three determination times. Overall, the quality of fruits was improved by the use of 2 mM putrescine in terms of properties evaluated by the taste panel.     

青海湖旅游区生命周期研究

立足青海湖旅游区实际,在分析影响旅游区生命周期的诸因素基础上,提出了延长该区旅游生命周期的具体措施。     

害草薇甘菊生防因子——安婀珍蝶的自然种群生命表研究

室外设立隔离网笼，在自然气候条件下，饲养、释放薇甘菊重要生防因子——安婀珍蝶，研究了安婀珍蝶野外释放后对广东地区环境的适应能力；利用庞雄飞作用因子组配的生命表方法，组建安婀珍蝶自然种群生命表，量化分析评价各因子对安婀珍蝶的影响。结果表明：释放安婀珍蝶两代的自然种群趋势指数分别为0．0872和0．0939，都非常低，安婀珍蝶野外增殖能力较差。第一代和第二代中“捕食与其他”的控制作用指数分别为190．0191和84．8973，均高于其他因子的控制作用，“捕食与其他”为影响安婀珍蝶生长发育的重要因子。综合上述结果认为，需通过大量饲养人工释放、补充幼虫数量的方法，逐步提高安婀珍蝶在野外建立自然种群的能力。     

轮纹异痂蝗生物学特性初步研究

研究结果表明:轮纹异痂蝗在通辽1年发生1代,以卵在土中越冬。越冬卵于翌年5月上中旬孵化,蝗蝻共4龄,全蝻期26～32 d,6月上、中旬为羽化盛期。7月上、中旬为产卵盛期,卵产在土中深4～6 cm处。成虫可活到9月中旬。轮纹异痂蝗喜食菊科和百合科等幼嫩多汁的植物,食量为每头每日食鲜草1.05 g,每666.7 m²可损失鲜草10.25～12.75 kg。     

松突圆蚧种群生命表与花角蚜小蜂的寄生作用的研究

通过对不同时期放蜂的放蜂区和不放蜂的对照区建松圆蚧自然种群生命表２４个,并对这些生命表采用相关回归分析,指出影响放蜂区松突圆蚧种群数量变动的关键因子是松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂的寄生。     

美洲斑潜蝇自然种群生命表及飞行能力的研究

美洲斑潜蝇ＬｉｒｉｏｍｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａｅＢｒａｎｃｈ．田间自然种群中,幼虫期的死亡率最高,１、２、３龄幼虫平均死亡率分别为４８．１４％、５０．８６％、７８．９７％,幼虫期被寄生蜂寄生的概率随龄期的增大而增高,从１龄的１．４４％上升到３龄的６０．８８％。应用微型昆虫飞行磨（Ｆｌｉｓｈｔｍｉｌｌ）计算机联机装置对不同日龄成虫的飞行能力进行了测试,结果表明：雌虫飞行能力随日龄的增大而增强,３日龄最大连续飞行的时间为８．８３分钟,距离为２７２．９３ｍ。雄虫以２日龄成虫飞行能力最强,最长的一次连续飞行时间可达２５．００分钟,距离为８８２．８８ｍ。     

花椒波瘿蚊研究初报

简述了花椒波瘿蚊的形态特征、危害情况、生活史、主要生活习性、主要天敌及防治措施