Heterogeneity of the aerial concentration and deposition of ascospores of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturia inaequalis</Emphasis> within a tree canopy during the rain

Scab is an important disease of apple and its control depends almost exclusively on frequent use of fungicides. Primary scab infection in the spring assumes several steps: ascospore maturation, liberation of ascospores that become airborne, deposition on susceptible tissues, and infection. However, the spatial heterogeneity of ascospores within the tree canopy is unknown. Aerial concentration of ascospore (ACA), ascospore concentration in rain water (ACR) and ascospore deposition (AD) were therefore measured at six heights (20–257 cm from the ground) with rotating-arm air samplers, funnels, and greased glass slides, respectively, during five rain events in 2001 and in 2002. In addition, ACR and AD were measured at eight locations within tree canopy at 196 cm height. Apple scab was assessed at the end of the primary infection period in each sampling location within the apple tree. A similar experimental design was used in 2003 to study the spatial heterogeneity of both AD and primary scab lesions. ACA and AD decreased with increasing height, while ACR increased with increasing height. Based on both variance to mean ratio and the power law relationship in both years, the ACR was heterogeneous, while AD was heterogeneous only during the peaks of ascospore release. The ACR was significantly higher at the centre of the trees and the AD was significantly higher at the centre and at the western edge of the trees. Only the cumulative AD was significantly correlated with apple scab lesions at the same location (r = 0.83). In 2003, a similar pattern of spatial heterogeneity within the tree canopy was observed for AD and primary scab lesion counts and there was a linear relationship (R ² = 0.84) between these two variables. It was concluded that ACR and AD within the tree canopy are not randomly distributed at least during peaks of ascospore release and that AD is a good estimate of primary scab lesion development. This spatial heterogeneity should be considered when estimating ascospore deposition using mathematical models or when quantifying ascosporic inoculum using spore samplers.     

侧柏种源试验苗期的初步研究

在北京的3个不同海拔高度,对来自31个地区的侧柏种子进行了种源试验。对一年生苗的分析表明,种源间差异显著。一年生苗生长快的种源比生长慢的高3.6倍。通过根系调查及苗高生长量与地表温度和土壤含水量的相关分析,可以看出天然林子代比人工林子代的适应性强。初步研究结果可为北京地区选择适宜的侧柏种源和侧柏的种源区划提供参考。     

渔业专业网站网络新闻信息源的开发和利用

结合作者的工作实际,分析了渔业网络新闻信息源开发和利用的重要意义,探讨了渔业网络新闻信息源的类型和特点、开发利用流程。     

Blood and haemoglobin meal as protein sources in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): effects on growth, nutritive efficiency and fillet sensory differences

Two parallel experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of fish meal by two different animal protein sources, blood meal (B) and haemoglobin meal (H) at 0, 50 and 100 g kg⁻¹ of level inclusion in diets for gilthead sea bream, considering a long feeding period for juveniles (Trial 1) and a short feeding period (Trial 2) for on-growing fish. In Trial 1, 33 g juveniles were fed for 242 days and the fish fed with 5% and 10% of haemoglobin dietary inclusion obtained less growth, although feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and muscle composition were similar in all diets. In Trial 2, 179 g initial weight fish were fed for 164 days and growth of fish fed H10 showed the lowest growth, although nutrient efficiency and muscle composition were not affected significantly. The results of these experiments demonstrated that blood meal can substitute fish meal (up to 10%) with no effect on performance, but may lead to sensory differences compared with fish fed diet 0, while the inclusion of 5% blood meal had no effect on growth or sensory characteristics. Fish fed 10% haemoglobin inclusion had the poorest growth values.     

饲喂豆饼、亚麻饼和血粉氮源日粮的生长绵羊限制性氨基酸研究

本实验选用9只装有瘤胃、十二指肠和回肠瘘管的生长羯羊 ,随机分为3组 ,分别饲喂以玉米为基础的豆饼型、亚麻饼型和血粉型3种不同氮源日粮 ,以Cr2O3 为食糜标记物测定3种日粮下绵羊消化道不同部位的食糜流通量和进入十二指肠的各种氨基酸的流通量与组成。然后 ,在每种日粮下按3×3拉丁方试验设计 ,并按“递减法”由十二指肠瘘管灌注不同氨基酸。在豆饼日粮下分为减色氨酸(Trp)组、减蛋氨酸(Met)组和全量组 ;在亚麻饼日粮下分为减赖氨酸(Lys)组、减精氨酸(Arg)组和全量组 ;在血粉日粮下分为减精氨酸(Arg)组、减蛋氨酸(Met)组和全量组。测定灌注不同氨基酸对绵羊氮平衡、日增量、血浆尿素氮(PUN)和血浆游离氨基酸(FAA)浓度的影响。试验结果表明 :饲喂不同氮源日粮对绵羊瘤胃食糜流通速率(Kp)无显著影响(P=0.11) ,血粉日粮的瘤胃Kp 比豆饼日粮和亚麻饼日粮高。进入十二指肠食糜的总氮和非氨氮(NAN)在3种日粮间无显著差异(P>0.05) ;十二指肠食糜中微生物氮(MN)流通量差异不显著(P=0.72) ,其中饲喂亚麻饼日粮下绵羊十二指肠食糜中的微生物氮流量和微生物氮占非氨氮比(MN/NAN)最高(分别为7.48g/d和55.71 %) ;豆饼日粮次之 ,血粉日粮最低(39.23 %)。饲喂血粉日粮的绵羊十二指肠食糜中氨基酸总量高于豆饼和亚麻     

不同碳源、氮源对香魏菇菌丝体生长的影响测定

以菌丝体生物量为指标,对香魏菇液体培养基中碳氮营养源进行了优化。结果表明香魏菇菌株能利用多种碳源、氮源,其中碳源以葡萄糖较好;有机氮源优于无机氮源,牛肉膏为较佳氮源。     

辽宁引种班克松优良家系的苗期试验研究

文章通过对从北美加拿大引进的2个种源48个班克松优良家系的苗期研究,结果表明,48个班克松家系苗高、地径生长差异极显著,多重比较后入选的最优家系均来自北纬46°的Sturgeonlake种源,生长最差的班克松家系均来自北纬45°10′的Bancraft种源。本项研究可为科学地从国外引进优良班克松家系、建立优良的种子园提供参考和做好准备。     

构建山下林业 铸绿色辉煌——在山下再建一个高效商品林区的思考

吉安山上已绿，山下林业相对薄弱，充分利用全市四旁闲置土地资源，发展山下林业，完全符合吉安市情、林情，抓住机遇，采取措施，再建一个高效商品林区，是林业调整结构、发展产业、实现跨跃式发展的有效途径，也是吉安未来经济发展的增长点之一。     

四川省薪材资源评价及分区

薪材在农村能源中占有重要地位,目前全省薪炭林面积71万公顷,森林能源每年合理提供量为904.5万吨标准煤,而实际消费量为1895.8万吨标准煤,消费量是合理提供量的2.1倍,薪材供需矛盾尖锐。预测2000年全省薪材需求量为2184.8万吨标准煤,尚需发展30万公顷薪炭林。为了宏观指导农村能源建设,在分析现状和进行需求预测后,将全省薪材资源划分为4个大类和13个类型区,分别阐述了各区特点和解决途径,最后对我省农村能源发展的重点和措施提出了指导性原则。