内陆森林型高尔夫球场植物景观设计--以湖南龙湖高尔夫球场为例

以湖南龙湖高尔夫球场为例,研究了内陆森林型高尔夫球场植物景观设计的重点和景观表现方法,强调球场的功能需求与生态环境的协调,以自然的设计手法,创造出功能齐备、结构简洁、景观秀美、生态和谐的运动休闲空间.     

干旱内陆区水平衡基本原理与模型

在深入研究干旱内陆区域大汽水、地表水、土壤水、地下水4水转化规律与过程的基础上，结合水资源计算、评价、利用、保护、规划等实践，应用水资源系统分析和数学建模的原理和方法，提出了干旱内陆平原区地表水、地下水、供需水、耗水4水平衡基本原理以及水平衡模型。     

Review of trends in the development of European inland aquaculture linkages with fisheries

Aquaculture is a multifaceted, dynamic food production sector in Europe. The average annual growth rate of aquaculture production in Western Europe was 5.5% between 1988 and 1998, while in Eastern Europe production declined by 56% during the same period. The main growth in aquaculture production has taken place in the marine environment, particularly in the expanding salmon, Salmo salar L., industry of Northern Europe. Inland aquaculture only contributed 19% of the total aquaculture production in 1998. Trout in Western Europe, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in Eastern Europe are the dominant species in inland aquaculture. Inland fisheries production has been stagnant in Western Europe and has declined considerably in Eastern Europe. The importance of recreational fisheries is increasing all over Europe, although no reliable data are available on angler catches. The major interactions between aquaculture and fisheries are pollution by untreated effluents from farms and impacts on indigenous fish stocks. The conflict is decreasing as more advanced systems are used in inland aquaculture, including water recirculation and effluent treatment. The positive benefit of aquaculture is that the sector supports extensive stocking programmes in commercial and recreational fisheries all over Europe.     

对虾内陆养殖的现状、存在的问题及其展望

文章综述了目前对虾内陆养殖的主要品种、养殖方式和发展现状,并对其优点和存在的问题进行了分析。内陆地下咸水的离子组成比例失调是目前对虾内陆养殖遇到的最大的障碍,文章详述了地下咸水的成因和分布,介绍了有关水体离子浓度和比值对对虾生理生态学影响的研究现状。最后讨论了克服内陆对虾养殖存在的问题并使之成为可持续发展的产业的途径。     

中国北方内陆盐水水域鱼类的种类和多样性

根据中国北方内陆盐水水域生物资源的调研材料，结合国内已有的报道，试对中国北方内陆盐水水域鱼类种类和分布做初步分析，在已掌握的60多个水域资料中，有鱼生存的21个盐水湖，盐度为1．24－13．00，碱度为3．0－44．5mmol/L,pH8.20-9.45，共见到鱼类74种，隶属8目16科，其中许多是北方区，宁蒙区和华西区鱼类的指示种，也有华东区和华南区的代表种，各湖的鱼类种数在1－27种之间，北方区和宁蒙区各水域鱼类区系的相似系数较高，新疆盐水湖针类种类组成较有特点，作者还讨论了盐度、碱度，pH等生态因子对鱼类的种类和多样性的影响，以及对盐水水域鱼类资源和多样性的保护利用方式。     

漓江沿岸水陆交错带景观调查与生态修复技术

[目的]分析漓江河流形态、水质状况、河岸植被群落结构,为漓江及其沿岸生态景观的修复提供参考依据.[方法]采用普查、重点样地调查、问卷调查结合查阅相关文献的方法,对漓江沿岸河岸形态、水质状况、植物景观现状进行分析,提出相应的生态修复技术.[结果]漓江沿岸由于人类活动的频繁,特别是自然河道的裁弯取直、渠道化、修筑硬质驳岸等人为因素的影响,自然植被受到严重干扰,阻碍了其生态服务功能的发挥.应用生态砾石床水质净化技术、植物浮岛技术、增加河岸植被缓冲带等一系列生态修复技术,使漓江沿岸驳岸渠道化现象得以改善,恢复了河流的蜿蜒曲折状态;沿岸残缺的植被得以修复,植物数量和种类有所增加,植物景观色彩和层次更加丰富,物种多样性和植物群落结构已基本恢复.[结论]应用生态砾石床水质净化技术、植物浮岛技术、增加河岸植被缓冲带等一系列生态修复技术,可促进漓江旅游生态系统的可持续发展.     

INLAND AQUACULTURE IN INDIA: PAST TREND,PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

ABSTRACT

In India, inland aquaculture has emerged as a fast-growing enterprise and a viable alternative to the declining capture fisheries. The present paper is an attempt to assess Indian inland aquaculture with respect to its resource base, output trends, systems and activities, yield gaps, adoption and impact on aquaculturists, economics, returns to inputs, investment needs, and future prospects. The paper is largely based on existing literature and observations made as part of an ICAR-WorldFish demand supply project. Indian aquaculture is primarily limited to inland sector and carp-oriented; for that reason, this activity received special attention. Freshwater aquaculture observed tremendous growth in the past 15 years, but immense scope still exists for horizontal expansion and increases in productivity (vertical expansion). This is evidenced by the fact that the average farm fish yield is only one-third of that achieved in farm trials. The difference was mainly due to much higher input use in on-farm trials. Most of the aquaculturists were practicing extensive aquaculture, but aquaculturists with semi-intensive operations benefited most from adoption of technology. The benefit:cost ratios for different systems of aquaculture varied between 1.22 to 1.86. The return to capital was much higher than the return to labor, due to the low labor input. The semi-intensive aquaculture system would receive the greatest return from projected macrolevel investments, followed by extensive and intensive systems. Dedicated efforts are needed to meet the demand for quality fish seed and feed in order to achieve the desired 45% increase in area and greater than 50% increase in productivity. Based on the observations, activities designed to foster inland aquacultural development in India are recommended.     

山地城市生态基础设施评价研究——以重庆都市区为例

以大气系统、绿地系统和水文系统为依据,建立评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和模糊数学法构建评价模型,并以重庆都市区为例,对其生态基础设施质量状况进行实例研究。结果表明:重庆都市区生态基础设施质量状况在绿地系统和水文系统方面属于一般等级;大气系统方面属于较好等级;综合质量状况属于一般等级。     

Breeding system and its consequence on fruit set of a rare sand dune shrub Eremosparton songoricum(Fabaceae:Papilionoideae):implications for conservation

The breeding system and its consequence on fruit set of Eremosparton songoricum(Litv.) Vass.,a rare shrubby legume occurring in moving or semi-fixed sand dunes of Central Asian deserts,were examined by manipulative experiments and observational studies in natural populations during the period of 2007-2009.The results showed that E.songoricum exhibits a mixed mating system.It is self-compatible,but depends strictly on pollinators to set fruits.Only two effective pollinators were detected and they triggered the specialized pollination mechanism(a 'brush type' and 'tripping mechanism').Geitonogamy becomes predominant in natural populations,because(74.5±1.3)% of visiting activity happened within or between inflorescences and(24.3±1.4)% occurred between ramets.As a result,inbreeding depression caused by geitonogamous selfing inevitably happened under natural conditions,showing 2.36 times less fruit set than was achieved by hand cross-pollination.The results explained the rarity of the species due to its breeding system,and will assist to develop suitable conservation strategies in severe desert environments.     

Trace elements in waters of inland,low‐salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama

Trace element concentrations in waters of 10, inland, low‐salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama tended to be greater than those found in normal seawater – molybdenum, boron and silicon were exceptions. Concentrations of most trace elements varied greatly among ponds on individual sampling dates, and average concentrations based on all sampling dates in individual ponds also varied considerably. The analytical method used, digestion of water samples in nitric acid followed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry, measured total concentrations of trace elements – free ions, hydrolysis products, ion pairs, coordination compounds (chelated forms) and particulate forms. Free ions are the toxic forms of most trace elements and the ionic concentration is much less than the total concentration of a trace element. Based on total concentrations of trace elements, it is doubtful that free‐ionic concentrations of trace elements were great enough to harm shrimp. The fact that no negative correlations were noted between trace element concentrations and shrimp survival and production supports this conclusion. However, positive correlations (P < 0.05) between shrimp survival and production and increasing concentrations of zinc, cobalt and iron should be investigated further to ascertain if additions of these elements to ponds might improve shrimp performance.