围栏封育对半干旱区植物群落稳定性的影响

以宁夏回族自治区盐池县柳杨堡人工封育区植被为研究对象,利用法国生态学专家Godron提出的方法测定植被稳定性.结果表明:研究区的5个样地(核心区、边缘区、外围区、新翻区和对照区)植物群落的稳定比分别为38/62、34/66、34/66、41/59和36/64,与稳定点20/80均有很大差距,表明柳杨堡封育区的植被群落不...     

不同突扩比下空间淹没水跃的水力计算

突扩能够使局部范围内水流紊动剧烈,可以作为水利工程中消能工的一种重要方式．为了探讨突扩比对下游流体水力特性的影响规律,基于RNG k-ε紊流模型和PISO压力-速度耦合算法,采用非均匀结构网格技术,建立了三维紊流数学模型,对突扩比分别为1000,0833,0.667,0500,0333等5种空间水跃进行了多工况数值模拟,结合试验数据,计算结果量纲一化,讨论了不同突扩比大小对下游水力性能的影响,并分析了下游流速、紊动能及消能率等随突扩比的变化规律．数值计算结果表明:突扩比对下游流速、紊动能及消能率影响显著,突扩比越小,下游流速变化越显著,主流在空间内扩散愈迅速,流态转变越明显;随着突扩比的减小,紊动应力愈小,紊动能量愈小,而消能率越大;突扩水跃较典型水跃消能效果明显增强,当突扩比小于0500时,消能率增大不再显著．     

几种新型马铃薯抑芽剂效果评价

为了减少人工合成抑芽剂的使用,开发安全低毒的新型马铃薯抑芽剂,以‘陇薯3号’马铃薯为材料,通过测定萘乙酸、肉桂醛、乙醛和乙烯利4种新型抑芽剂处理后贮藏期间块茎的发芽率、幼芽的生长和失重率,以评价4种抑芽剂的作用效果。结果表明,10 mmol/L萘乙酸,500 mg/kg肉桂醛,250 mg/kg乙醛和50 mg/kg乙烯利能有效控制马铃薯的发芽,其发芽率分别为对照的61%、65%、78%和79%。10 mmol/L萘乙酸和50 mg/kg乙烯利还能有效延缓马铃薯幼芽的生长。同时与对照相比各新型抑芽剂对马铃薯块茎贮藏期间失重率影响不大。可见4种新型抑芽剂在马铃薯抑芽和保鲜方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

盾壳霉固态发酵基质筛选和发酵条件优化

为了探索盾壳霉固体发酵的条件,提高其生防效果,比较了6种天然培养基对盾壳霉固体发酵的影响,测定了在不同发酵培养基、温度、初始湿度、接种比例条件下盾壳霉的产孢量。结果表明：盾壳霉在麦粒和谷粒培养基上产孢量最大;而在麸皮和棉籽培养基上生长和产孢也较好,且成本低,成为后续试验的发酵材料。在含麦麸、棉籽壳及无机盐的培养料作为基质时,采用温度为20℃,发酵料初始湿度为60%,接种比例为7%,最终孢子含量可达109个/g以上。同时对发酵的条件做了进一步优化,发现麦粒与谷粒的混合比例、光照条件、甘露糖和甘氨酸含量对盾壳霉产孢量的影响较大。     

黑土坡耕地土壤流失形态分析——以一次降雨为例

以东北黑土区典型漫岗坡耕地为研究对象,测定次降雨条件下整个集水盆地出口处的径流体积及其含沙量,研究侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征、碳氮富集度以及可溶性养分的流失状况。结果表明,研究区只有在强降雨的情况下才会在集水盆地尺度上发生水土流失现象。20.5 mm降雨条件下(2006年8月1日)径流泥沙含量为1.0～2.5 g/L,泥沙C、N富集系数分别为2.10和3.31。径流液中DOC的浓度介于2.47～3.93 mg/L之间,TN浓度介于1.61～3.28 mg/L之间,径流携带养分量在整个养分流失过程中是不可忽视的流失途径。侵蚀泥沙(未加分散剂)的团聚体组成和原土壤有很大差异,径流泥沙的流失主要是粒径为0.053 mm以下的团聚体,尤其是0.002～0.02 mm的粉粒团聚体为主。     

Exploring Chenopodium album adaptive traits in response to light and temperature stresses

Weeds within canopies are depleted in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and red to far‐red light ratio (R/FR) throughout their lifespan. Growth cabinet studies isolated PPFD and R/FR effects and explored the adaptive traits of a model invasive weed, Chenopodium album, to light and temperature. Reproductive development progressed rapidly at high temperature, yet the rate of leaf appearance was insensitive to temperatures of 25:15 and 10:5°C (day:night). Low R/FR effects were detected early in the life cycle, but by seed set, growth was influenced by low PPFD. C. album adapted to the simulated canopy environments by delaying seed set, growing taller and producing more leaf area per mol of accumulated incident PPFD. Low PPFD reduced seed number per plant and the carbon/nitrogen ratio of those seeds, but not seed weight. PPFD was a primary cue for many shade avoidance traits and only under low PPFD did R/FR modify the expression of these traits. This study elucidates the adaptive strategies that make C. album a persistent weed.     

蜡蚧轮枝菌固态发酵基质筛选和发酵条件研究

在对昆虫病原真菌-蜡蚧轮枝菌菌株Tri-BA81进行单一基质和一般组合基质固体发酵初步筛选的基础上,选取谷子、麦麸、磷酸盐和稻壳为4个组分因子,每个因子分别设有不同质量比例的3个水平,按正交设计(L_{93)进行优化组合筛选研究。同时,对影响该菌固体发酵产孢的几个因素进行了初步研究。结果表明,产孢量最高的正交组合为5号配方,分生孢子产量达1.7×10¹⁰个/g。该菌固态发酵的最适初始含水量为固体基质与水的比例为1∶0.6,最适pH为5.87。}     

Reproductive performance,survival and development of nauplii and copepodites,sex ratio and adult life expectancy of the harpacticoid copepod,Euterpina acutifrons,fed different microalgal diets

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted on the harpacticoid copepod, Euterpina acutifrons, to assess the influence of 10 different microalgal diets (four monoalgal and six mixed algal diets) on several parameters related to its productivity in culture. The four monoalgal diets were the Tahitian strain of Isochrysis sp. (T‐Iso), Pavlova salina (Pav), Tetraselmis chuii (Tet) and the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri (Chaet), the five binary diets were T‐Iso+Tet, Pav+Tet, T‐Iso+Pav, Tet+Chaet and Pav+Chaet, while the tri‐algal diet was T‐Iso+Tet+Pav. All diets were fed to copepods at 1500 μ gC L^?1 and in the case of binary or trialgal diets, carbon concentration was divided equally between the two or three algae offered. Among monoalgal diets, the diatom Chaet was excellent for E. acutifrons. Out of the 10 diets tested, the binary diet Tet+Chaet, which contained the diatom Chaet, was the best for naupliar production of single pair E. acutifrons (19.5±1.7 nauplii female^?1 day^?1), significantly (P<0.05) higher than all other treatments except for the Chaet treatment (P>0.05). Similarly, in the group naupliar production trial (50 adult E. acutifrons per replicate), Tet+Chaet produced a significantly higher number of nauplii (405.8±18.6 nauplii day^?1) than the other treatments (P<0.05). Tet+Chaet further supported the highest naupliar survival (82.0±2.8%) and copepodite survival (89.0±2.8%), while the mono‐algal diet Chaet produced the second highest naupliar (76.7±2.6%) and copepodite survival (83.5±2.6%). In contrast, Pav produced the lowest overall survival at the naupliar stage (30.0±2.9%), significantly lower than all other treatments (P<0.05). While development from newly hatched nauplii to copepodites was not significantly affected by diets, mean development time from nauplius to adult was significantly different among treatments. Mean development time from hatching (naupliar I stage; NI) to the adult stage was the fastest with Tet+Chaet and Chaet (6.8±0.0 days for both treatments), which was significantly faster than that of Pav, T‐Iso Pav+Tet and T‐Iso+Pav+Te treatment (P<0.05). E. acutifrons sex ratio was significantly affected by diets, and always skewed in favour of males. Feeding on Pav resulted in the lowest proportion of females (23.7±1.2%), significantly lower than for six of the other treatments (P<0.05). Adult females had longer average life expectancy than males for all treatments, and were the longest when fed Tet+Chaet (9.5±0.4 days), which was more than twice as long as the shortest lifespan recorded for the Pav treatment (4.2±0.6 days) (P<0.05). In summary, among 10 diets tested, the binary diet Tet+Chaet appeared to support the highest culture productivity of E. acutifrons while the diatom Chaet also performed well as a monoalgal diet.     

优化氮源种类及碳氮比对阿魏菇液体种生长的效应

[目的]阿魏菇液体培养过程中氮源种类及碳氮比的优化研究,为阿魏菇生理活性物质代谢、分析与提取提供技术保障,同时为野生菌种质资源的保护、菌株保存和驯化提供方法.[方法]选择6种有机氮源、2种无机氮源以及8个碳氮比梯度,采用液体培养技术通过菌球直径、菌球密度、菌丝生长量等生物量指标测定,反映阿魏菇液体培养的氮代谢特性.[结果]不同氮源种类及浓度显著或极显著影响了阿魏菇液体种的生长.黄豆、黄豆芽是阿魏菇液体种培育的良好氮源,菌球密度分别达到26.67;和24.00;,是对照的145;和131;.其次是蛋白胨、酵母片,甘氨酸与硫酸铵、硝酸钾之间差异不显著,尿素是最差的氮源.2.5;黄豆芽和黄豆均可以获得阿魏菇液体种最高的生物量,是可以取代蛋白胨的有机氮源.适宜阿魏菇液体种生长的碳氮比是20∶1.[结论]阿魏菇液体种培养过程中存在氮源的选择性差异,天然有机氮源优于其他形式的各种氮源,同时氮源浓度的变化极显著影响了液体种的生产能力,阿魏菇液体种培育过程中对氮源浓度的要求相对较高.     

钾肥用量对棉花蕾铃脱落及产量品质的影响

[目的]研究不同钾肥用量对棉花生育期蕾铃发生与脱落的动态变化、产量构成因素和品质指标的影响.[方法]通过田间小区试验,在氮肥、磷肥和微肥用量相同情况下,设4个钾肥用量处理,即0、30、60、90kg/hm2 K2O.[结果]施钾可提高棉花上部(9～12)果枝上的现蕾数或降低下部(1～4)果枝和上部(9～12)果枝的蕾铃脱落率;同时,施钾可增加棉花各个果节的现蕾数和有效铃数,降低棉花1、2果节棉花蕾铃脱落率.蕾铃总脱落率在7月2～15日出现第1次高峰,8月2～16日出现第2次高峰.施钾显著增加棉花单株铃数和皮棉产量,由棉花钾肥的效应方程,推荐K2O量为48.6 kg/hm2.施钾在一定范围内可增加棉花的长度、比强、伸长率以及可纺系数,随着钾肥施用量的增加棉花整齐度、马克隆值也增加.[结论]施钾显著增加了棉花现蕾数和有效结铃数,降低棉花蕾铃脱落率.现蕾数、有效铃数与施钾量呈显著的正相关,而蕾铃脱落率与施钾量达到了显著的负相关.施钾可显著提高棉花皮棉产量,改善棉纤维品质.