共消化污泥施用对贫瘠土壤性质和蔬菜品质的影响

将市政污泥、餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的共消化污泥进行农业利用,通过分析土壤和蔬菜中营养元素和重金属含量,研究共消化污泥对土壤营养元素变化、蔬菜养分吸收、土壤重金属累积、蔬菜重金属积累的影响。结果表明,共消化污泥施用显著提高了土壤有机质、总氮、总磷含量,且提高幅度与共消化污泥的施用量呈线性关系,同时促进了蔬菜对氮、磷的吸收和利用,但土壤总钾含量和蔬菜对钾的吸收受共消化污泥施用影响较小。共消化污泥施用后,土壤中Zn、Cu和Cd含量增加,尤其是Cd含量增加较明显,并且在蔬菜中累积,但土壤重金属含量均低于土壤环境质量标准二级标准规定的限值,蔬菜可食部分中Cu、Zn、Cr和Cd含量均低于食品中污染物限量规定的限值。因此,在共消化污泥农业利用过程中,仍需重点关注重金属含量的变化和累积。     

不同植被配置模式对福建紫金山金铜矿废弃地土壤质量的恢复效果

为了了解植物治理措施对福建紫金山金铜矿矿山废弃地土壤质量的恢复效果,设置不同植被治理模式：马尾松＋胡枝子（模式A）、马尾松＋胡枝子＋香根草＋本地河滩草（模式B）、马尾松＋本地河滩草（模式C）、枫香＋本地河滩草（模式D）、桉树＋本地河滩草（模式E）和马尾松＋桉树＋本地河滩草（模式F）,同时设置矿区周边未经开采的对照样地,通过对不同配置模式下土壤理化性质的分析测定,比较其对矿山废弃地土壤质量恢复效果的差异。结果表明：恢复5 a后,不同植被配置模式土壤理化性质均有较大改善,除模式B和模式C外,其他模式土壤含水率均超过了对照,模式A、模式D、模式E和模式F分别达到对照的1.99、1.78、1.34倍和1.66倍;模式B、模式C和模式F可较快改善土壤团聚体结构,提高土壤抗蚀性;模式D可较快提高土壤各养分含量,有利于土壤营养状况的改善,恢复5 a后全N、水解N、全P和速效K分别为对照的54.98%、78.17%、63.18%和85.19%;模式F对土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn和Cu均有较好的修复效果;在植被配置模式中加入本地河滩草,可较大提高废弃地土壤的抗蚀能力。结合聚类分析结果可以得出,马尾松＋胡枝子＋香根草＋本地河滩草（模式B）、枫香＋本地河滩草（模式D）和马尾松＋桉树＋本地河滩草（模式F）3种模式较适合应用于紫金山矿山废弃地的植被恢复。     

水体重金属污染评价方法对比研究——以扎龙湿地湖水为例

采用对权重公式进行发展的模糊综合评价模型对仙鹤湖湖水重金属污染状况进行了评价和分析,并与灰色关联分析法、分级评价法、内梅罗指数法和单因子指数法进行了评价结果的比较,其中前3种方法的评价结果整体趋势是基本一致的。与实际情况对比表明,模糊综合法和分级评价法评价结果概率分布比较客观真实地反映了整体湖水水质状况,因此模糊综合法对评价对象的整体质量状况评价结果明显。基于评价结果进行了蒙特卡罗（MC）预测,参考各方法的评价结果的蒙特卡罗预测值和湖水水质实际情况,满足湖水评价参数的概率为74.87%,即扎龙湿地仙鹤湖湖水整体水质为Ⅱ级,同时有向Ⅲ级转化的趋势。扎龙湿地仙鹤湖营养状态级别为中度富营养。     

重金属在不同温度和光照下对骆驼蓬种子萌发特征的影响

应用正交试验设计研究了不同浓度的Ni2+,Cu2+,Co2+和温度、光照组合下对骆驼蓬种子萌发特征的影响。结果表明,低浓度的Ni 2+,Cu2+,Co2+混合溶液有利于提高骆驼蓬的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,高浓度则表现出明显抑制性;不管混合溶液中重金属离子浓度的高低,都会不同程度地影响骆驼蓬幼苗生长,但浓度较低时抑制不显著;在Ni 2+浓度5mg/L,Cu2+浓度800mg/L,Co2+浓度400mg/L,温度25℃,光照12h处理下骆驼蓬的种子萌发快,发芽率相对较高;在不同条件作用下,骆驼蓬幼苗生长的最佳条件是Ni 2+浓度100mg/L,Cu2+浓度100mg/L,Co2+浓度50mg/L,温度25℃,光照12h。     

洞庭湖区典型蔬菜土壤镉、铜、锌、铅含量状况及评价

采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法对湖南洞庭湖区典型蔬菜土壤Cd,Cu,Zn,Pb含量状况进行了评价。结果表明,与湖南省潮土土壤背景值相比,土壤Cd,Cu和Zn含量明显富集,Pb含量总体不高。与国家土壤质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)相比,洞庭湖区蔬菜土壤以Cd污染为主,其次是Zn和Cu。Pb含量没有超标,其中湘阴县、沅江市、资阳区和赫山区蔬菜土壤环境质量为轻度污染,华容县处于警戒水平,需要修复治理或者改变土地利用方式。君山区和南县蔬菜土壤为清洁水平,适宜发展无公害蔬菜。污染风险高的区域土壤Cd,Cu和Zn之间存在极显著或显著正相关关系,但相关性弱。     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.     

Growth,Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation of Ornamental Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)in Contaminated Soil with Different Amendments

Use of ornamental plants for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soil is a new option. A pot experiment was carried out to assess the effect of application of amendments, i.e., swine manure, salicylic acid (SA) and potassium chloride (KCl), on the growth, uptake and translocation of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown on a contaminated soil. The three amendments increased sunflower height, flower diameter, and biomass. Manure significantly decreased Cd and Zn concentrations in sunflower, and thus decreased the bioaccumulation coeffcient (BCF) of Cd and Zn. However, using of KCl markedly increased Cd concentrations in sunflower and the BCF of Cd. Additionally, both swine manure and KCl application increased Cd and Zn translocation from root to aboveground part. Swine manure and salicylic acid reduced the Cd/Zn ratios in flower of sunflower, while KCl significantly increased the Cd/Zn ratios. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the Cd/Zn ratio in the root of sunflower was affected by K/Na ratio in root and soil available potassium (K) concentration. Ornamental sunflower could be grown as an alternative plant in the Cd- and Zn-contaminated soil with KCl application to get the balance between environmental and economic interests.     

一株在微生物燃料电池中可以利用喹啉发电的产电假单胞杆菌Q1的产电特性研究

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to compare iron (Fe) oxidation and changes of pH, redox potential (Eh) and fractions of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants (Echinodorus macrophyllus, Eleocharis geniculata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Veronica serpyllifolia) with different radial oxygen loss (ROL) from roots. The results indicated that all these wetland plants decreased pH and concentration of Fe(Ⅱ) but increased the Eh in the rhizosphere soils. Pb and Zn were transformed from unstable fractions to more stable fractions in the rhizosphere soils, so decreasing their potential metal mobility factors (MF). Among the four plants, E. macrophyllus, with the highest ROL and root biomass, possessed the greatest ability in formation of Fe plaque and in the reduction of heavy metal MFs in the rhizosphere soil. Wetland plants, with higher ROLs and root biomass, may thus be effective in decreasing potential long-term heavy metal bioavailabilities.     

干湿交替对半干旱地区一些铅盐污染土壤中铅再分配的影响

Mobility and bioavailability of lead (Pb) could be affected considerably by soil physicochemical properties;however,less is known about the effect of Pb levels and aging time.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Pb levels and wetting-drying (WD) cycles on distribution and bioavailability of Pb in three semi-arid zone soils treated with different levels of Pb(NO 3) 2.Wetting-drying cycles simulated the actual field irrigation in the semi-arid soils.A soil with a long history of Pb contamination was also taken as a reference soil.The soils were spiked with various levels of Pb and incubated under WD cycles for 160 d.Sequential extractions and batch sorption experiments were performed to assess the fractionation of Pb in the spiked soils.Redistribution index (U ts) and reduced partitioning parameter (I R) were applied to semi-quantify the distribution of Pb in the spiked soils.A small amount of Pb sorbed was desorbed by the soils,indicating a strong and irreversible binding of Pb in the studied soils.Contribution of carbonate-bound (Car) and residual (Res) Pb fractions to the total Pb of the soils was more than 97%.The Car,soluble plus exchangeable (SE),and organic matter-bound (OMB) fractions of Pb were transferred to the Res fraction under the WD cycles.The I R and U ts values were influenced by Pb loading levels and WD;therefore,the Pb lability and/or redistribution pattern could semi-quantitatively be assessed via these parameters.At the end of the experiment,the I R and U ts values for the Pb salt-spiked soils did not show the quasi-equilibrium state.The lability of Pb in the soils decreased with increasing incubation time and showed a strong dependence on Pb levels and soil chemical composition.WD cycles significantly affected the overall lability of Pb in soils through influencing the redistribution of Pb among solid-phase components.     

商品大米中Cd、Pb、Cr的污染状况及健康风险评价

为了解本地商品大米中重金属的污染情况,采用微波消解法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）法,对144个大米样品进行Cd、Pb和Cr含量的检测,采用单项污染指数和内梅罗综合指数法对其污染状况和健康风险进行分析评价.结果表明,样品中Cd、Pb和Cr的超标率分别为0.69%、27.78%和34.03%.无等级大米中3种重金属的超标率高于有等级大米,但差异不显著.本土商品大米样品中Cd的含量显著高于外省样品,Pb含量差异不显著,Cr的含量显著低于外省样品.144个样品中处于安全级别的样品仅占63.89%.健康风险评价结果显示,当地居民通过食用大米实际摄入Cd和Pb的量都低于FAO/WHO推荐的每人每日的允许摄入量,不存在严重的健康风险,但却存在Cr的健康风险问题.