小麦条锈菌效应蛋白Hasp83在条锈菌致病性中的功能分析

【背景】条锈病是小麦上的重大病害,由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,Pst）侵染引起。条锈菌是活体营养型寄生真菌,在侵染过程中形成吸器,通过吸器从寄主植物汲取营养。同时,吸器分泌效应蛋白调控寄主免疫,促进侵染过程。【目的】明确条锈菌效应蛋白的功能及其作用机理,为揭示条锈菌的致病机制打下基础。【方法】比较分析条锈菌夏孢子、芽管和吸器转录组,获得在吸器诱导表达的分泌蛋白基因Hasp83,在本氏烟叶片细胞中瞬时表达观察是否能抑制由BAX引起的细胞坏死;利用qRT-PCR分析该基因在条锈菌侵染小麦不同阶段的表达水平。借助荧光假单胞菌Ⅲ型分泌系统和寄主诱导的基因沉默（host-induced gene silencing,HIGS）分析Hasp83在条锈菌侵染过程中的功能。利用酵母双杂交系统筛选小麦中与Hasp83互作的蛋白,免疫共沉淀技术进一步在烟草细胞中共表达验证Hasp83及其候选靶标蛋白的互作。【结果】Hasp83开放阅读框全长522 bp,编码173个氨基酸,蛋白N端1—29位氨基酸为信号肽,无保守结构域,在本氏烟叶片细胞中...     

大车前胚乳与胚发育的细胞胚胎学研究

应用石蜡制片技术研究了大车前胚乳与胚发育过程的细胞胚胎学特征,为车前科胚胎学及分类地位的确立提供相关资料。结果表明：大车前成熟雌配子体为七细胞七核的蓼型。经双受精后形成合子与初生胚乳核。胚乳发育类型为细胞型,初生胚乳核第1次横分裂产生珠孔室与合点室胚乳细胞。珠孔室胚乳细胞经1次纵分裂或2次连续相交的纵分裂形成2个或4个胚乳细胞;进而同步进行横分裂形成2排,即4个或8个胚乳细胞;靠近珠孔的2个或4个胚乳细胞分化并发育成为单核的管状胚乳珠孔吸器;靠近合点室胚乳细胞的2个或4个细胞进行各个方向的分裂形成胚乳本体,并将合子分裂所形成的胚包围其中;与此同时,合点室胚乳细胞的细胞核进行1次核分裂但不伴随胞质分裂,在合子期便形成具有两个细胞核的胚乳合点吸器;胚乳吸器为胚乳本体的发育从珠被与合点吸收并转送营养物质。胚胎发生属于柳叶菜型,经原胚期、心胚期、鱼雷胚、子叶胚形成成熟种子。珠被绒毡层发达。对胚乳本体以及球胚的流式细胞仪细胞核DNA分析表明,胚的DNA含量为二倍体,而胚乳为三倍体。     

不同抗病性小麦品种上白粉病菌吸器的发育及寄主乳突形成的研究

采用不同抗病性的小麦品种,研究白粉病菌侵染与寄主反应的相互关系。结果表明：白粉病菌在感病品种上形成的吸器多,成熟度高,表现为吸器大、吸器分枝多及分枝张开角度大;在抗病品种上形成的吸器少,表现为吸器小、吸器分枝少及分枝张开角度小,有的甚至不能张开,或吸器分枝弯曲畸形不能平展,表现为发育不良。寄主针对白粉病菌的入侵部位形成乳突,抗病品种形成的乳突多,致密度高;感病品种形成的乳突少,致密度低。     

Trafficking of molecules between parasitic plants and their hosts

Parasitic plants have evolved various methods of invading host plants. Some invade aerial parts, whereas others invade the roots to obtain necessary nutrients for their development. Phelipanche and Orobanche spp. (broomrapes) and Cuscuta spp. (dodders) are holoparasitic plants that subsist on roots and shoots, respectively, of a variety of agricultural crops. These weeds are able to connect directly with the vascular system of the host, thereby acquiring the water, minerals and carbohydrates necessary for their own growth and reproduction. This exploitation by parasitic plants often causes severe losses in yield quality and quantity of host crops. The key to an effective means for controlling parasitic plants lies in the development of resistant crops, supported by an improved understanding of broomrape and dodder biology. The haustoria formed at the junctions of parasite and host open the way for translocation of a variety of molecules and macromolecules from the host to the parasite. At the same time, however, the haustoria also open opportunities for the development of methods to control parasitic plants. This review will summarise the current knowledge on translocation of siRNAs, mRNAs, viruses, sugars, proteins and herbicides from host to parasitic plants and the potential significance of such molecules to the parasite. Improved understanding of the molecular exchange between host plants and their parasites is expected to lead to the development of state‐of‐the‐art, effective approaches to parasitic weed management.     

小麦条锈菌吸器发育的超微结构研究

根据形态的变化特征,小麦条锈菌吸器发育分为四个阶段,即吸器母细胞的形成、入侵栓的产生、颈部的延伸和吸器体的膨大。电镜观察发现,吸器母细胞壁和隔膜的结构明显不同于胞间菌丝的壁和隔膜。入侵栓由内外层壁组成,它们分别与吸器母细胞壁和第五、第六层相连接。在颈部延伸过程中,颈部始终未能刺破寄主的质膜。成熟的吸器体呈球形或卵球形,并可产生不规则的突起或分枝,吸器中的多核现象较为普遍。     

分枝列当寄生甜瓜时吸器形成过程中内源激素的动态变化

本研究采用石蜡切片和显微观察分析分枝列当寄生甜瓜时的吸器形成过程, 利用液相色谱-质谱联用 (LC-MS) 检测吸器形成过程中24种植物内源激素变化。结果表明:分枝列当种子在接种甜瓜根部第3 天开始萌发, 接种第7 天分枝列当吸器顶端稳固地附着在寄主根部, 吸器侵入甜瓜根皮层, 并在甜瓜根皮层细胞内扩展, 扩展过程中形成大量的爪状结构, 接种第11 天时分枝列当吸器细胞与寄主根维管束连接。共有17种植物激素参与了吸器形成过程, 其中生长素类吲哚-3-甲醛含量在列当吸器形成过程中降低了83.36%，细胞分裂素类反式玉米素核苷的含量在增长了5.02倍;油菜素内酯含量增长了481.95倍, 推测这3类植物激素在分枝列当吸器形成过程中可能起到重要的调控作用。     

关于植物类磷脂化合物与三唑醇混用防治麦类白粉病的初步研究

本文报道了作者1987—1988年在联邦德国李比希大学做的关于植物类磷脂与杀菌剂三唑醇混用防治麦类白粉病效果比较初步研究。室内实验表明,类磷脂与三唑醇混用都较三唑醇单独使用效果显著,其中处理“TemolR+Bayfidan”防效达80.3％;“Na 6008+Bayfidan”的防效可达90％,使防效提高26—35％。田间试验也表明,三唑醇与类磷脂混合喷施,其用量可以减少一半,其防效仍保持不变。通过孢子萌发,吸器生成及吸器变态等观察表明,类磷脂没有改变该杀菌剂的作用机制。     

Potentially durable resistance mechanisms in plants to specialised fungal pathogens

Specialised plant pathogens are in many ways adapted to exploit their host plants. Infective propagules should reach the appropriate plant tissue, gain access to the tissue and negate or suppress various kinds of constitutive and inducible resistance mechanisms. The resistance type most frequently deployed in plant breeding is the race-specific resistance, where a hypersensitive response of plant tissue is elicited by an avirulence factor produced by the pathogen. The great disadvantage of this type of resistance is, that it is often ephemeral. Detailed screening of germplasm may result in the discovery of alternative defence mechanisms not associated with hypersensitivity, that may be durable. Avoidance mechanisms may reduce the chance of infection. Upright plant habit has been reported to decrease spore deposition in cereals. Crop architecture may also affect aspects such as humidity and aeration in the crop, and hence the chances for successful infection by pathogen propagules. Other examples of avoidance are leaf surface properties that interfere with leaf wettability, germ tube orientation and finding of stomata to enter the leaf. Stomata in some accessions of Hordeum chilense are excessively covered by cuticular wax that prevent rust fungal germ tubes from perceiving the stomata, resulting in failure of penetration of the pathogen into the leaf. There is evidence that incompatible host species, biotrophic pathogenic fungi induce basic compatibility by suppressing defence mechanisms. Failure of this induction results in abortion of the infection attempt. Several cases of apparently durable resistance are discussed that are based on failure of haustorium formation, and are not associated with hypersensitivity. They may represent cases where the pathogen has problems in establishing basic compatibility. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Pathogenesis by fungi and by parasitic plants: Similarities and differences

The processes by which fungi and parasitic plants infect their plant host are compared. The steps considered are: location of the host by the pathogen, the concept of the haustorium, attachment of the pathogen to the host, mechanism of penetration into the host, responses of the host to infection by fungi and by parasitic plants, and the suppression of the host response by the pathogen. Although superficially similarities between fungal infection and infection by parasitic plants exist, the underlying mechanisms appear to be different and only in the penetration step are similar strategies used, including the use of lytic enzymes. These differences are important when seeking ways of combating the parasitic plants. The strategies used against the parasitic plants must be different from those used to combat fungal infections and should not be based only on analogies with host resistance to fungal pathogens. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 2, 2005.