热处理对葡萄休眠枝条携带真菌脱除及萌芽和生根的影响

以采自北京的2个葡萄品种为材料,对插条内真菌的种类进行了检验,探索了通过热处理脱除插条中潜在病原真菌的方法,观察统计了不同温度和持续时间的水浴热处理对插条萌芽生根的影响。结果表明:从处于生理休眠期和环境休眠期的2个葡萄品种的4份插条样品中均检出了葡萄座腔菌属和链格孢属真菌,其他检出的主要真菌还包括:镰刀菌属和胶孢炭疽菌属真菌等。对葡萄插条进行40℃水浴0.5~5.0h,不能达到脱菌的效果,60℃水浴0.5h则会使葡萄插条的萌芽率降为0,50℃水浴,时间持续0.5~5.0h均能将插条内的真菌完全脱除,这个处理条件对处于生理休眠期的插条,还具有明显提高萌芽率和生根率的作用,有利于冬季和早春葡萄提早育苗。研究结果为脱除葡萄插条中的潜在病原真菌,保证葡萄苗木起始材料的卫生健康,提供了可行的方法。     

巨峰系葡萄品种演化及分类的研究

 通过对巨峰系葡萄品种引种和性状观察记载以及选育途径和亲子代资料的分析，研究了它们的演化过程和分类方法，绘制了巨峰系葡萄品种演化图。巨峰系葡萄品种选育的最主要途径为杂交育种、其次为芽变选种和实生选种。巨峰系葡萄品种可按其来源、成熟期、成熟时果皮的色泽和种子有无进行分类。     

过氧化物酶活性及其同工酶与葡萄对霜霉病抗性的关系

采用盆栽接种的方法研究了不同抗病类型的葡萄品种感染霜霉病菌(Plasmopara viticola)后,过氧化物酶(POD)活性及同工酶酶谱的变化与葡萄抗霜霉病的关系.结果表明,霜霉病菌侵染后各品种的POD活性都有一个明显的消长过程,但抗病品种的酶活性升高的幅度大,持续的时间长.酶谱分析表明,不同抗性类型的葡萄感染霜霉病菌后,POD同工酶的数目、颜色与对照相比均有所增加.     

京津唐地区酿酒葡萄气候区划研究

【目的】对京津唐地区酿酒葡萄进行气候区划研究,为该区酿酒葡萄的种植和葡萄酒产业的发展提供指导。【方法】利用京津唐地区50个气象站点连续30年(1979-2008年)的气象资料,对目前中国主要应用的气候区划指标进行比较分析,建立适合该地区酿酒葡萄气候区划的指标体系,利用该体系对京津唐地区酿酒葡萄的生产进行气候区划,并应用ArcGIS绘制气候区划图。【结果】建立了以无霜期(FFD)为一级指标、生长季干燥度(DI,4-9月)为二级指标、埋土防寒线为三级指标、成熟期降雨量(P,7-9月)为四级指标的指标体系,将京津唐地区划分为7个栽培区域,其中1、6区为适宜产区,包括武清、宁河等地;2、4区为良好产区,包括延庆、斋堂、昌平等地;3、5和7区为一般产区,包括密云、唐山等地;全区均需注意埋土防寒以保证葡萄能安全越冬,并以此绘制出了该区酿酒葡萄生产的气候区划图。【结论】与以4-9月活动积温为一级指标、7-9月水热系数为二级指标的指标体系,以4-9月活动积温为一级指标、7-9月降雨量为二级指标的指标体系,4-9月光热指数以及4-9月纬度-温度指数等指标体系相比,所建体系更适宜作为京津唐地区的气候区划指标,且区划结果与实际更为吻合。     

葡萄果实生长与水势及其分量和细胞壁展延性之间的关系

在充分供水、维持葡萄果实整个生长期黎明时最高水热血基本稳定的情况下，果实第一次快速生长期间细胞溶质势下降、压力上升，细胞壁弹性柔量和可塑性展延性均升高至整个发育期的最高峰；此期果实细胞失水时水势下降缓慢，而且在初始质壁分离点前，水势下降主要归因于压力势的下降，表现出渗透调节能力较小的特点。果实缓慢生长期间，细胞溶质势与压力势变化较小；而细胞壁弹性柔量比第一快速生长期大为降低，可塑性展延性降至整个发育期的最低点；此期果实失水时细胞水势、溶质势和压力势的变化特点与第一快速生长期差异不大。在果实第二快速生长期，细胞溶质势的下降和压力势的上升幅度均达到整个发育期的最大值，细胞壁弹性继续缓慢下降，而可塑性展延性上升至第二个高峰；此期果实失水时水势剧降，而细胞压力势下降相对缓慢，表现出渗透调节能力较大的特点。水分胁迫在抑制果实生长较大。讨论了果实不同发育期细胞水势分量和细胞壁展延性与果实生长这间的关系以及不同时期果实生长对水分胁迫敏感性变化的机制。     

The Characterization of Heavy Metals in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Cultivar Rkatsiteli and Wild Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) from East Serbia by ICP-OES and BAFs

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in combination with calculation of various biological factors, was used in this study not only for a simple illustration of the present status of some essential and non-essential metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the grapevine cultivar Rkatsiteli and wild blackberry from East Serbia but also for the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. Great majority of detected metal concentrations were in normal ranges except in few cases: Zn concentrations were at the level of deficiency in almost all plant parts, and some Cu and As concentrations were at the levels that could be considered phytotoxic. Biological accumulation factors provided very informative data on metal accumulation and translocation in both plants and pointed to low accumulation rates of metals except in the case of Cu, Zn, and As in some wild blackberry tissues.     

‘巨峰’葡萄主梢和副梢花器官与种子发育的研究

 ‘巨峰’葡萄主梢花粉粒大于副梢, 花粉染色率与副梢差异不显著, 发芽率低于副梢, 但花粉发芽率不影响种子的形成。主梢小花雌蕊在减数分裂后形成的功能大孢子小于副梢。同时开花前主梢胚囊的发育状况优于副梢, 开花期正常胚囊率主梢也明显低于副梢。因此, 开花前后主梢异常胚囊的出现是导致受精发生障碍并使结籽率低下的原因。     

葡萄microRNA156b和microRNA172c及其靶基因在冬芽二次成花过程中的表达特性研究

利用半定量RT-PCR与实时荧光定量RT-PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测‘藤稔’葡萄microRNA156b(Vv-miR156b)和microRNA172c(Vv-miR172c)及其靶基因(Vv-SPL9和Vv-AP2)在摘心处理(5月14日、5月20日、5月28日)后不同发育时期冬芽中的表达情况,并利用RLM-5’-RACE验证了miRNAs作用其靶基因的方式。结果表明:仅5月28日摘心处理的冬芽能够进行花芽分化并形成花序,而其他处理及对照未能花芽分化。2种RT-PCR检测结果基本一致,5月28日摘心处理的2条miRNAs表达水平明显下降,且花序中有最低表达。相应的靶基因在冬芽二次成花过程中的表达水平呈现出与其miRNAs相反的变化趋势。RLM-5’-RACE结果显示,2条miRNAs介导靶基因裂解,裂解位点均在miRNAs 5’端的第10和11位碱基之间。表明microRNA156b和microRNA172c通过介导相应靶基因的裂解调控其靶基因的表达,从而影响葡萄冬芽的二次成花。     

藤稔葡萄主枝环剥对果实着色及相关基因表达的影响

 对藤稔葡萄主枝环剥促进其果实着色的效果以及对花青苷合成相关重要基因的表达等进行了分析。研究结果表明,主枝环剥不仅可提高果肉中可溶性固形物的含量,并且明显改善果实着色,使外观颜色加深,果皮花青苷含量增加,果面光泽明亮度（L*值）和颜色组分b*值下降,颜色组分a*值以及红色葡萄果实颜色指数（CIRG值）增大。环剥处理还明显促进了UFGT、MYBA1和MYBA2的表达,MYBA1和MYBA2于环剥处理后的第2周（花后63 d）表达水平明显上调,相对表达量达到最高值。UFGT的表达水平与花青苷的积累趋势具有很好的一致性,环剥处理使UFGT的相对表达高峰提前1周左右。     

Temporal disease dynamics and relative importance of sexual and asexual reproduction of grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in an isolated vineyard in the North Georgia Mountains,USA

The North Georgia Mountains are the southernmost region along the United States East Coast where European wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) are grown commercially. Epidemics of downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, are frequent and severe, but little is known about the epidemiology and population biology of the pathogen in this region. Disease monitoring in an experimental vineyard from 2015 to 2017 indicated that times of disease onset and progress rates were highly variable across years and cultivars. Oospores were observed microscopically, and simulation with a process-based model indicated presence of conditions favourable for oospore germination in the spring and early summer each year. A total of 409 P. viticola isolates collected over three  years were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers, revealing very high genotypic diversity, which when combined with the observation of oospores is indicative of a sexually reproducing population. Among the 409 isolates, 225 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, of which 164 were detected only once and 61 were repeated (clonal). Eight MLGs (represented by 28 isolates) were detected across years, suggesting the possibility of asexual overwintering of P. viticola in this region. Across sampling dates, the percentage of isolates belonging to nonrepeated (unique) MLGs ranged from 27.3% to 63.2%. Even towards the end of the annual epidemic, the percentage of isolates in nonrepeated MLGs was still relatively high, around 30%. These MLGs may have originated from oospores germinating late during the growing season, although incomplete sampling at earlier dates and contribution by immigration cannot be fully excluded.