Genetic diversity and historic introgression in German Angler and Red Dual Purpose cattle and possibilities to reverse introgression

Recovering native uniqueness has major importance for breeds with historic introgression. The aim of the study was to estimate population genetic parameters for two local red cattle breeds from Northern Germany and to study possibilities to reverse introgression. Genealogical information consisted of 90,783 individuals for German Angler and 187,255 individuals for Red Dual-Purpose cattle breed, with additional information on sex, born, breed, status, and conventional breeding values. It is concluded that the native genetic contribution could be included as an additional trait in the total merit index in order to recover a part of the native genetic background. Native contributions should be estimated in the long term from marker data in order to account for Mendelian sampling. The maintenance of a sufficient genetic diversity of native alleles can be achieved by an advanced OCS with appropriate constraints.     

红三叶遗传图谱构建及抗白粉病基因QTL定位

本研究以感(岷山红三叶)、抗(澳大利亚红三叶品种♀Sensation×Renegade♂杂交新品系“甘农PR1”)白粉病红三叶材料为父母本杂交并种植成苗经人工接菌后筛选出抗、感白粉病的F₁群体为作图群体,利用AFLP标记构建红三叶高密度遗传图谱,并利用区间作图法对抗白粉病QTL进行了定位分析,可以为红三叶抗白粉病基因克隆和转基因等分子辅助育种奠定基础。结果表明,149个AFLP标记构建得到的遗传图谱包含7个连锁群(LG1,LG2,LG3,LG4,LG5,LG6和LG7),遗传图谱的总距离为640.5 cM。其中,LG1连锁群的遗传距离(140.6 cM)和标记间平均距离(9.4 cM)均最大;LG4连锁群的遗传距离(55.2 cM)和标记间平均距离(1.8 cM)最小。应用区间作图法对红三叶抗白粉病基因进行QTL分析定位,共检测到5个抗白粉病相关QTL位点(qrp-1,qrp-2,qrp-3,qrp-4和qrp-5),其中qrp-1、qrp-2、qrp-3和qrp-4位于LG4连锁群上,qrp-5位于LG5连锁群上。5个QTL位点对抗白粉病的贡献率为29%~90%,qrp-1对红三叶白粉病抗性的贡献率最大(90%),为主效QTL。     

AtSOS基因在紫花苜蓿中的表达及其耐盐性研究

本研究采用基因工程技术改良紫花苜蓿耐盐性,通过种植转基因耐盐紫花苜蓿达到改良土壤的目的。以紫花苜蓿子叶节为外植体,通过农杆菌介导法将来源于拟南芥的AtSOS1-AtSOS2-AtSOS3多基因表达载体导入阿尔冈金紫花苜蓿中,经PCR检测、抗除草剂筛选和RT-PCR鉴定,获得了能稳定表达的转基因株系。以转基因的紫花苜蓿和野生型紫花苜蓿为材料进行盐处理,每个处理重复3次,测定其生理生化指标、株高、Na⁺和K⁺含量、细胞膜透性、叶绿素含量。结果显示,在不同盐浓度处理下,所有植株的株高均有所增长,但在100和200 mmol·L^-1的NaCl处理下,转基因植株的长势显著高于野生型植株;随着处理时间的增加,所有植株的叶绿素含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且野生型植株叶绿素含量均低于转基因植株;在100和200 mmol·L^-1的NaCl处理下,转基因植株的细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性和脯氨酸含量的增加量均小于野生型植株,而过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性和可溶性糖含量的增加量均大于野生型;各植株中丙二醛含量均下降,且野生型植株下降的更为明显;盐处理后,转基因植株根系中Na⁺的积累比野生型植株少,而K⁺的吸收多于野生型植株。转AtSOS基因的紫花苜蓿通过发挥AtSOS途径的作用,促进了植物体将细胞内的Na⁺外排,从而减轻盐胁迫对植物体的伤害,提高了转基因植株的耐盐性。     

羊草叶绿体非编码区多态性标记筛选及群体遗传多样性

为筛选多态性丰富的羊草叶绿体非编码区片段,本研究以9个不同地理位置的羊草居群为材料,通过对12个叶绿体非编码区DNA片段测序及其序列间变异分析试图从中找出有遗传差异的叶绿体DNA(cpDNA)片段,并利用有多态性的cpDNA片段进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,序列ndhF-rpl32、trnL-trnF、trnC-ycf6、aptI-aptH具有比较丰富的变异,可作为下一步研究野生羊草群体遗传学和谱系地理学较为理想的分子标记。在37个羊草个体4条非编码区片段的合并序列中,共检测到15种单倍型,单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.928,核苷酸多态性(Pi)为0.00101;遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.58884,基因流(Nm)为0.17,基因流较小;中性检验Tajima’s D(-1.08542)和Fu’s Fs(-5.301)均为负值,且差异不显著(P>0.10),推测羊草遵循中性进化理论,可能经历过种群扩张;AMOVA结果显示,65%的分子变异出现在居群间,35%出现在居群内;Mantel检验得到,遗传距离与地理距离具有显著相关性(r=0.449,P<0.05);居群分化值Nst 0.386(0.1865)大于Gst 0.234(0.1506),差异显著(P<0.05),表明羊草居群存在分子谱系地理结构。通过系统发育树分析得到,羊草15个单倍型分为两大分支,H2和H10聚为一支,它们与别的居群个体亲缘关系较远,其余单倍型聚为另一支;单倍型网络图显示,H2和H12、H10和H12亲缘关系较远,与系统发育树分析结果基本一致。本研究为羊草的种质资源保护、谱系地理学研究等工作奠定了基础。     

凤头白鸭与连城白鸭的群体遗传多样性分析

为系统地评价、保护凤头白鸭资源的遗传多样性,进一步对其开发利用,本研究利用12个微卫星位点(STR分型技术)对凤头白鸭与连城白鸭(各60只)2个群体的遗传多样性参数进行检测和计算。结果表明:除位点AJ272578以外,凤头白鸭群体在APL2、AJ272577、AJ272579、AJ515884、APH01、AY493256、AY4932898、CMO11等8个STR位点上的等位基因多于连城白鸭,在AJ515887、AJ515893、AY493313等3个位点上与连城白鸭相等;凤头白鸭群体的有效等位基因数(Ne)、期望杂合度(He)、观察杂合度(Ho)、多态信息含量(PIC)均大于连城白鸭;2个群体的群体内近交系数(Fis)分别为-0.02、0.09,凤头白鸭群体表现为杂合子过剩。综上,凤头白鸭群体的遗传多样性较连城白鸭更为丰富。     

微卫星分子标记分析四川绵羊群体遗传多样性

为探究四川省6个绵羊群体的遗传多样性,实验应用12个微卫星标记计算基因频率、有效等位基因数、杂合度及多态信息含量来评估群体内遗传多样度,通过遗传距离聚类图、群体结构推测图、主成分分析及群体间分子方差分析来评估群体间遗传关系。结果表明:6个绵羊群体在12个微卫星位点的平均有效等位基因数为3.006~3.176,平均多态信息含量变化为0.559~0.612,平均期望遗传杂合度为0.610~0.670;6个绵羊群体间的遗传关系与地理分布情况及育成史实不完全一致,但遗传距离聚类图、群体结构推测图和主成分分析结果均显示,6个绵羊群体中布拖黑绵羊类群与贾洛绵羊类群遗传关系更近;6个绵羊群体间方差组分F统计量结果为0.112 39,处于中度分化水平。     

狼山鸡保种群不同世代MHC BF基因遗传多样性研究

通过Illumina平台Miseq重测序方法分析不同世代(G0、G5、G10、G12、G14、G15、G17)的MHC BF1和BF2基因座位多态性,揭示狼山鸡不同世代间MHC BF基因遗传多样性,为更好地监测保种效果提供科学的决策依据。在狼山鸡7个世代中分别鉴定出MHC BF1、BF2基因59和34个SNPs。狼山鸡MHC BF1基因观察杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)和多态信息含量(PIC)在G10、G12、G14保持稳定,Ho在不同世代变化情况为G17G15G14、G12、G10G5G0,He和PIC在不同世代变化情况为G17、G15G14、G12、G10G5G0,MHC BF2基因的Ho在G10、G14、G15保持稳定,其他世代变化情况为G17、G12G15、G14、G10G0、G5;He和PIC在G12、G14、G15和G17保持稳定,在其他世代变化情况为G17、G15、G14、G12G10G5、G0。从本研究结果看,狼山鸡不同世代MHC BF1和BF2遗传多样性变化规律不太一致,但总体规律符合波动选择(时空变换的选择)假说,随着时间的推移MHC BF基因遗传多样性变得更为丰富,在某些连续几个世代群体遗传多样性基本保持稳定,这可能与MHC BF基因功能有关。     

Innovative layer genetics to handle global challenges in egg production

1. In commercial layer breeding, extensive gene pools are tested and selected for market requirements which must be anticipated at least 5 years ahead. Field results confirm a continuous positive genetic trend in egg output and better feed efficiency which can be converted into land savings.

2. Animal welfare and cage-free housing dominate future needs of the market. Nesting behaviour and minimal tendency to develop feather-pecking or cannibalism without beak treatment are key trait complexes. Stronger shells for longer production cycles without moulting have to be combined with better bones.

3. No single big gene effect can be expected to control the multifactorial problem of feather-pecking. Adjusting the shape of the beak, with a heritability of .10–.25, can contribute to reducing the risk of severe cannibalism.

4. For better skeletal integrity, the assessment of bone quality in pedigree birds housed in enriched cages is done by keel bone palpation or ultrasound measurement of the humerus. Both traits show similar heritabilities in the range of .15–.30 and can be included in a balanced selection approach for performance, quality and welfare traits.

5. The combination of performance testing and genome-wide DNA marker analysis is a promising tool to generate more progress for a balanced performance and behaviour profile.     

Single step genomic evaluation for female fertility in Nordic Red dairy cattle

Joint Nordic (Denmark, Finland, Sweden) genetic evaluation of female fertility is currently based on the multiple trait multilactation animal model (BLUP). Here, single step genomic model (ssGBLUP) was applied for the Nordic Red dairy cattle fertility evaluation. The 11 traits comprised of nonreturn rate and days from first to last insemination in heifers and first three parities, and days from calving to first insemination in the first three parities. Traits had low heritabilities (0.015–0.04), but moderately high genetic correlations between the parities (0.60–0.88). Phenotypic data included 4,226,715 animals with records and pedigree 5,445,392 animals. Unknown parents were assigned into 332 phantom parent groups (PPG). In mixed model equations animals were associated with PPG effects through the pedigree or both the pedigree and genomic information. Genotype information of 46,914 SNPs was available for 33,969 animals in the pedigree. When PPG used pedigree information only, BLUP converged after 2,420 iterations whereas the ssGBLUP evaluation needed over ten thousand iterations. When the PPG effects were solved accounting both the pedigree and the genomic information, the ssGBLUP model converged after 2,406 iterations. Also, with the latter model breeding values by ssGBLUP and BLUP became more consistent and genetic trends followed each other well. Models were validated using forward prediction of the young bulls. Reliabilities and variance inflation of predicted genomic breeding values (values for parent averages in brackets) for the 11 traits ranged 0.22–0.31 (0.10–0.27) and 0.81–0.95 (0.83–1.06), respectively. The ssGBLUP model gave always higher validation reliabilities than BLUP, but largest increases were for the cow fertility traits.