Use of the BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure for the study of the partitioning of Cd, Pb and Zn in various soil samples

A slightly modified three-step sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) for analysis of sediments was successfully applied to soil samples. Contaminated soil samples from the lead and zinc mining area in the Mezica valley (Slovenia) and natural soils from a non-industrial area were analysed. The total concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn and their concentrations in fractions after extraction were determined by flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS, ETAAS). Total metal concentrations in natural soils ranged from 0.3 to 2.6 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 20 to 45 mg kg^-1 for Pb and from 70 to 140 mg kg^-1 for Zn, while these concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 35 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 200 to 10000 mg kg^-1 for Pb and from 140 to 1500 mg kg^-1 for Zn in soils from contaminated areas. The results of the partitioning study applying the slightly modified BCR three-step extraction procedure indicate that Cd, Pb and Zn in natural soils prevails mostly in sparingly soluble fractions. Cd in natural soils is bound mainly to Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides, Pb to organic matter, sulphides and silicates, while Zn is predominantly bound to silicates. In contaminated soils, Cd, Pb and Zn are distributed between the easily and sparingly soluble fractions. Due to the high total Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in contaminated soil close to the smelter, ! and their high proportions in the easily soluble fraction (80% of Cd, 50% of Pb and 70% of Zn), the soil around smelters represents an environmental hazard.     

Accumulation of Lead and Arsenic by Carrots Grown on Lead-Arsenate Contaminated Orchard Soils

Concerns have been raised of possible human food chain transfer of lead and arsenic from crops grown on orchard soils with histories of lead arsenate use. The objective of this study was to determine arsenic and lead uptake by three cultivars of carrots grown on four orchard soils with histories of lead arsenate use. Total concentrations of arsenic and lead in these soils ranged from 93 to 291 and from 350 to 961 mg kg^?1 for arsenic and lead, respectively. Arsenic in peeled carrot ranged from 0.38 to 1.64 mg kg^?1, while lead ranged from 2.67 to 7.3 mg kg^?1 dry weight. This study demonstrated that carrots will accumulate arsenic and lead in the root, which may become a human health risk when consumed. However, further studies are needed to determine what fraction of arsenic and lead in these carrots are bioavailable to humans when consumed.     

The Remobilization of Metals from Iron Oxides and Sediments by Metal-EDTA Complexes

Synthetic chelating agents such as EDTA form strong complexes with heavy metals and therefore have the potential to remobilize metals from sediments and aquifers. In natural waters EDTA is present almost exclusively in the form of metal-complexes. Therefore, remobilization of metals is always a metal-metal-EDTA exchange reaction. We have investigated, to our knowledge for the first time, the remobilization of metals from the surface of synthetic iron oxides and from a river sediment by different metal-EDTA complexes. The metals are exchanged as follows:MeEDTA_dissolved + Me^ast _adsorbed Me^astEDTA_dissolved + Me_adsorbed The order of the remobilization rate of Zn²⁺ from goethite is CaEDTA > Fe(III)EDTA, reflecting the slow exchange reaction of Fe(III)EDTA. For the remobilization of Pb²⁺ from goethite, the rate was found to be Fe(III)EDTA > CaEDTA > ZnEDTA. Here, Fe(III)EDTA has surprisingly the fastest exchange rate. Only very limited remobilization of Pb²⁺ is possible from hydrous ferric oxide at pH 8 due to the very strong adsorption of Pb²⁺. The order of remobilization of Zn²⁺ from a natural river sediment was found to be CaEDTA > CuEDTA > Fe(III)EDTA. The remobilization rate of Zn²⁺ with Fe(III)EDTA is only 12% of the rate with CaEDTA, illustrating the importance of EDTA speciation for assessing remobilization.     

外源添加物降低镉胁迫下香菇体内镉含量及对酶活性的影响

香菇等可食用菇类比绿色植物体内更能逐步聚集浓度大的镉等重金属。子实体中的镉危及食用者的健康,因此减少菇类子实体中镉的含量,对人体健康意义重大。本研究检测了5种外源添加物水杨酸、沸石、石膏、壳聚糖及硫酸锌对镉胁迫下香菇体内镉含量的降低作用,并测定不同添加物对香菇羧甲基纤维素酶和漆酶活性的影响。试验结果表明,被测试的添加物中,硫酸锌对香菇808和868子实体中的镉含量著,石膏次之,表明硫酸锌是5种外源添加物中降低香菇体内镉浓度的最佳选择。此外,通过测定5种外源添加物在3 mg·kg-1镉胁迫下对香菇羧甲基纤维素酶和漆酶活性的影响,试验数据表明菌丝满袋期时,在添加硫酸锌或石膏时,香菇羧甲基纤维素酶和漆酶活性达到最高,说明培养料中添加硫酸锌或石膏在降低香菇体内镉含量的同时,也可以一定程度上增强生长代谢酶的活性。     

Changes of Plasma Membrane H~+-ATPase Activities of Glycine max Seeds by PEG Treatment

The soybean (Glycine max) Heihe No. 23 is sensitive to imbibitional chilling injury. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment can improve chilling tolerance of soybean seeds to a certain extent. The changes of hydrolytic ATPase in plasma membranes and H+-pumping responses in soybean seeds were investigated during PEG treatments. Effects of exogenous calcium and exogenous ABA on the hydrolytic ATPase were also examined in order to understand the mechanism of chilling resistance. Highly purified plasma membranes were isolated by 6.0% aqueous two-phase partitioning from soybean seeds, as judged by the sensitivity of hydrolytic ATPase to sodium vanadate. PEG treatment resulted in a slight increase of the hydrolytic ATPase activity in 12 h. Then the activity decreased gradually, but still higher than the control. The H+-pumping activity increased steadily during PEG treatment. Exogenous calcium had both activating and inhibiting effects on the hydrolytic ATPase, but the activity was inhibited in soybean seeds treated with exogenous ABA. Results suggested that PEG treatment, not the exogenous calcium and ABA, up-regulated H+-ATPase activities in soybean seeds.     

外源总DNA导入培育大豆新品系D89—9822及其育种价值初探

以栽培大豆品系６２９６－３为受体、半野生大豆龙７９－３４３３－１为供体，采用外源ＤＮＡ导入的方法培育成功Ｄ８９－９８２２。该品系具有高产、品质优良、抗病性强等特点，产量比受体增产４４．９％，比标准品种增产１０．５％。蛋白质含量７年（１９８９－１９９５）平均较受体增长近２个百分点，球蛋白总量较受体提高近１０个百分点，并使其与大豆加工品质密切相关的１１Ｓ球蛋白组分所占比例超过７０％。１９９６年参加生产     

铅胁迫对草木樨抗氧化系统的影响

用盆栽法研究了重金属铅胁迫对草木樨Melilotus suavena中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,丙二醛(MDA)和体内铅含量的影响。结果表明:在0~1 500 mg/kg铅浓度梯度处理范围内,SOD、POD、CAT活性和MDA含量随铅处理浓度增加而上升。植株体内各器官的铅含量随外源铅处理浓度的增加而上升,根系铅含量与铅处理浓度呈正相关(R2=0.972**)。草木樨在29.942 g/kg的土壤铅浓度下仍能正常生长,体内最大铅积累量达654.93 mg/kg。根部铅的含量大于地上部总的含量,茎中的含量高于叶的含量。     

土壤及灌溉水中Cd和Pb含量与蔬菜重金属富集的关联度分析

采用随机定点抽样方法,对郑州地区土壤、灌溉水以及蔬菜中重金属Cd及Pb进行检测,研究栽培土壤和灌溉用水对蔬菜产品重金属富集的影响。结果表明:土壤中Cd和Pb含量与菠菜、大白菜、小白菜、生菜、萝卜中Cd和Pb的含量存在显著正相关关系,与油麦菜中Cd和Pb的富集量达到了极显著正相关;灌溉用水中Cd和Pb含量与小白菜中的含量相关性分别达到极显著和显著水平,而与其他几种蔬菜Cd和Pb含量的相关性未达到显著水平(油麦菜中Cd除外)。同时还利用单项污染指数和综合污染指数的评价方法,探讨了郑州地区6种蔬菜受Cd和Pb污染的情况,结果显示,有4种蔬菜基本属于清洁水平,而菠菜和生菜开始遭受轻度污染。     

不同改良剂对小青菜中镉和铅含量的降低效果

【目的】探讨不同改良剂对降低重金属污染土壤中小青菜镉、铅含量的效果。【方法】以小青菜品种"塌地乌"为试材,采用盆栽试验,设置施用不同改良剂(石灰、沸石、骨粉、FeS2、纳米羟基磷灰石、粉煤灰及其两两组合)处理,测定重度镉(40mg/kg)、铅(1 200mg/kg)污染土壤中小青菜生物量、镉和铅的吸收量、转运系数及土壤pH值,分析不同改良剂处理对小青菜中镉铅含量的降低效果。【结果】施入改良剂后,小青菜的生物量均有不同程度提高,其中,沸石+纳米羟基磷灰石处理下的生物量最大,与未施改良剂的对照相比增产51.1%(P<0.05)。小青菜地上部镉含量降幅最大的为石灰+沸石处理;地上部铅含量降幅最大的为沸石+骨粉处理。小青菜中镉的转运系数大于铅,表明镉比铅更容易迁移到小青菜地上部分。施入改良剂后,土壤pH值显著升高,且以沸石+骨粉处理下的pH值最大。【结论】施用改良剂后,小青菜中镉和铅的含量虽有不同程度降低,但仍超过国家食品卫生标准。