Effects of utilization of local food by‐products as total mixed ration silage materials on fermentation quality and intake,digestibility, rumen condition and nitrogen availability in sheep

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate in vivo digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by‐products for dairy cows, and the ruminal condition and nitrogen (N) balance were examined. Five by‐products (i.e. potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake and green tea waste) were obtained. Four types of TMR silage were used: control (C) containing roughage and commercial concentrate, T1:20% and T1:40% containing the five by‐products replacing 20% and 40% of the commercial concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, and T2:40% containing three by‐products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate on a DM basis. The ingredients were mixed and preserved in oil drum silos for 4 months. The TMR silages showed 4.02–4.44% and 1.75–2.19% for pH and lactic acid contents, respectively. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrient content were higher (P < 0.05) for T2:40% feeding than for C feeding. Urinary nitrogen excretion tended to be lower (P = 0.07) for T2:40% than for C. The results suggested 40% replacing of commercial concentrate by using the three food by‐products can be most suitable for TMR silage.     

基于粪便纤维组织法探究异地驯养藏羚的食性

基于粪便纤维组织法探讨异地(铁卜加草原站)驯养藏羚的食性。结果表明,在基地生长的50种植物中,伊凡苔草、火绒草、川青早熟禾、洽草等是藏羚最喜爱食用植物,所占比例依次为18%、13%、11%和8%,其中伊凡苔草的茎、火绒草的叶、菥冥的果和迷果芹的花是其喜食部位。在基地驯养藏羚的食物组成中,各科所占比例依次为:禾本科(43%)莎草科(25%)菊科(14%)十字花科(7%)豆科(3%)。与可可西里地区类似,铁卜加地区藏羚以单子叶植物为主要食物。     

Meat Juice Serology and Improved Food Chain Information as Control Tools for Pork‐Related Public Health Hazards

The seroprevalence of Salmonella spp., pathogenic Yersinia spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. was studied in 1353 finishing pigs from 259 farms that were allocated according to farm types: large fattening farms (≥1000 pig places), small fattening farms (< 1000 pig places) and farrow‐to‐finish farms. The antibodies were analysed with commercial ELISA kits in meat juice samples that were collected at Finnish slaughterhouses. Salmonella antibodies were rare (3% of pigs, 14% of farms) when the cut‐off optical density (OD) value 0.2 was used. Antibodies to pathogenic Yersinia spp. and T. gondii were detected in 57% of pigs and 85% of farms (OD ≥0.3) and in 3% of pigs and 9% of farms (OD ≥0.15), respectively. No antibodies to Trichinella spp. were detected (OD ≥0.3). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) considers Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, T. gondii and Trichinella spp. as the most relevant biological hazards in the context of meat inspection of pigs. The seroprevalence of these important zoonotic pathogens was low in Finland, except that of Yersinia. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma was significantly higher in pigs originating from small‐scale fattening farms (P < 0.05). Strong positive correlation was observed at the animal level between Salmonella and Yersinia seropositivity and between Salmonella and Toxoplasma seropositivity (P < 0.05). We suggest that these results reflect the level and importance of biosecurity measures applied on the farms. Meat juice serology at slaughter is a useful tool for targeting measures to control these pathogens. The information obtained from analyses should be used as part of the food chain information (FCI).     

乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定蔬菜甲醛含量及风险评估

【目的】建立蔬菜中甲醛含量测定的快速方法,明确蔬菜中甲醛的残留情况,掌握蔬菜中甲醛含量对人群的膳食暴露风险。【方法】采用单因素试验优化关键实验条件,建立蔬菜中甲醛含量测定的乙酰丙酮分光光度法,分析 383 个蔬菜样品中的甲醛含量,利用点评估的方法结合膳食数据对蔬菜中甲醛的暴露风险进行评估。【结果】乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定蔬菜中甲醛含量的检出限和定量限分别为 0.45、1.5 mg/kg,在 1.5、7.5、15 mg/kg 添加水平下,回收率在 86.33%~92.40%,相对标准偏差为 2.23%~4.21%;不同蔬菜中甲醛的检出率为5.00%~72.73%,总检出率为 26.37%,不同蔬菜的检出平均值在 0.47~1.67 mg/kg;不同蔬菜中甲醛含量对一般人群的膳食暴露水平为 0.0019~0.068 mg/kg (bw/d),安全限值（MOS）为 14.1~289.8,蔬菜中甲醛含量对不同人群的膳食暴露水平为 0.0060~0.15 mg/kg (bw/d),MOS 在 10.1~33.3,所有评估的 MOS 均大于 1。【结论】乙酰丙酮分光光度法能快速测定蔬菜中的甲醛含量,方法操作简便,灵敏度高;蔬菜中甲醛残留量的膳食摄入风险较低,在可接受范围内。     

魏晋南北朝时期的果品及其功用

先秦时期的典籍中就已经出现了大量有关果品的记载。果品不仅具备食用价值,还承载着丰富的文化内涵。随着农业科学技术的持续提升,魏晋南北朝时期果品种植的面积持续扩大,种植技术不断成熟,种植品类日益繁多,产品初加工和深加工能力增强。果品在饥馑灾荒年代可以充当主食饱腹,可以调节味道增添层次,果树既具备观赏价值,又可以作为经济作物提供经济效益。此外,果品还可以在社会生活中发挥作用,促进社会交往与文化交流。果品可用以彰显社会地位,可用以交际交流,可用以表达观点抒发情感,可用以下酒醒酒以避世。果品丰富的生活和社会功用使它在魏晋南北朝时期得到更广泛的开发和利用,并持续发展至今。     

云南森林食品产业竞争力分析及提升路径研究

丰富的林下资源为云南经济发展提供了条件和保障,森林食品产业是林下经济产业的重要组成部分,其健康持续发展,对确保森林资源的永续利用意义重大。借助波特竞争模型构建云南森林食品主产区产业竞争力指标体系,采用层次分析法和综合指数法,计算云南森林食品主产区产业竞争力得分。结果显示,云南的森林食品产业竞争力排名在全国有一定优势,但云南的森林食品产业发展中存在着运输能力不足、产业规模偏小、政府林业投资不足以及科技支撑能力弱等问题。针对问题,对云南森林食品的产业发展路径提出了相关建议。     

Molecular and morphological characterization of stunt nematodes of wheat,maize, and rice in the savannahs of northern Nigeria

Stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) are obligate migratory root ecto-parasitic nematodes found in the fields of many cultivated crops. These nematodes, with phyto-sanitary potential, are frequently ignored or misdiagnosed as pests, and this may pose a threat to food security. The accuracy of its identification based on a morphological approach has been challenged recently, due to the overlapping of the morphological and morphometric characters of the species. Consequently, the objective of this study is to identify and characterize stunt nematodes present in 54 fields cultivated with cereal crops (wheat, maize and rice) in the savannahs of northern Nigeria, using integrative taxonomy and molecular approaches. The molecular and morphological studies identified and confirmed the presence of T. annulatus as the occurring specie in the savannahs of northern Nigeria. The phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S genes of ribosomal DNA further confirmed the presence of T. annulatus. The first molecular characterization and sequences of the ITS and 28S rDNA gene for T. annulatus from Nigeria were provided by this research. Also, according to our literature search, this is the first report on T. annulatus in wheat, maize and rice in the savannahs of northern Nigeria. Further study to test the pathogenicity of the parasitic nematode species found in this survey is recommended for the prioritization and development of efficient management strategies.     

沙棘芦荟三七复配物对小鼠免疫力的影响

研究沙棘果粉、库拉索芦荟提取物、三七提取物制成的复配物对小鼠免疫力的影响。实验设0.625 g/kg.bw、1.250 g/kg.bw、3.750 g/kg.bw三个剂量组和阴性对照组,经口灌胃30天后,考察样品对小鼠免疫脏器/体重比值、免疫细胞功能、体液免疫功能、单核-巨噬细胞功能和NK 细胞活性等的影响。结果表明,与对照组比较,中剂量和高剂量能显著提高小鼠迟发型变态反应能力、NK细胞活性、抗体生成细胞数(P<0.05),高剂量能显著提高小鼠半数溶血值(P<0.05),说明复配物能够增强小鼠的免疫力。本研究为相关产品开发提供了功能依据。     

粮食作物生物育种技术全球创新布局与竞争态势研究——基于核心专利数据挖掘的视角

“开展种源‘卡脖子’技术攻关,打好种业翻身仗”亟需探明当前粮食作物生物育种技术领域的专利创新布局和竞争态势。依据专利导向的产业竞争情报分析框架,以核心专利数据（不包含中国港澳台地区）为基础,从整体环境、技术布局和机构竞争3个方面剖析了粮食作物生物育种技术领域的全球创新布局及竞争态势。结果表明,领域内技术创新活跃,中国核心专利量位居前列,但与美国相比有很大差距;北美、欧洲和中国是全球主要技术布局地,尤以美国最为集中,中国发明的专利主要布局在国内,全球竞争能力不足;基因组重测序技术、分子标记辅助育种、抗性技术和杂交技术等是领域热点技术;突变或遗传工程、改良基因型的方法是领域内“主导-成熟型”技术,各主要国家和地区均进行了重点布局,我国在“新兴-成长型”技术领域具备相对优势;跨国种子公司的技术和市场竞争覆盖了全球主要国家和地区,技术布局主题广泛,因此,我国亟待培育有国际竞争力的本土创新研发机构。上述结果为政府及科研部门制定该领域技术创新引导政策,以及开展前瞻性研发布局和优化竞争决策提供参考。