福建海区单拖渔业现状浅析

本文根据1998-2003年福建海区拖网渔业资源监测以及1995-1997年间闽南台湾浅渔场单拖渔业资源调查、1998年和2000-2001年福建海区拖网定点调查的资料,论述和分析福建海区单拖渔业的现状。结果表明:目前整个单拖渔业虽然船数削减,实际却加大渔船功率,作业时间延长,促使年产量、单位产量不断提高,导致渔获组成发生很大变化,由低质小型鱼类、生命周期短的头足类、虾蟹类支撑,渔获鱼类质量较差,经济效益下降;另一方面头足类、虾蟹类资源量年间波动性较大,易受捕捞过渡影响,很难长时间承担目前捕捞压力。为此,文中提出加强严格实行"双控制度"及控制网目规格等管理建议和意见,为有关渔业管理和生产部门提供参考依据。     

生态农业经营模式浅析

生态农业经营是建立在生态环境发展基础上的经济性复合农业系统,不同地区的经营模式是由地域特色所决定的,生态农业经营模式具有多样性、效率性、综合性以及持续性等优势,在经营模式中能够将经济与生态的有效循环体现出来。为实现生态农业经营的发展与经济效益的最大化,现就生态农场的经营模式进行分析,并找出主导现代农业发展的因素与生态农业发展经营的方向。     

干旱、半干旱区造林密度及其影响因素研究综述

通过对近年来有关造林密度的研究分析,详细阐述了造林密度与水分平衡的关系;造林密度与近自然造林的关系;造林密度与林种的关系。通过对上述影响因素的研究分析,结合干旱、半干旱地区的实际情况,给出该区域小叶锦鸡儿、胡枝子、油松、樟子松、沙地柏、油蒿等几种常见乔灌木树种造林的合理密度范围,为干旱地区造林绿化提供了理论依据。     

A model of seasonal foliage dynamics of the subtropical mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa Griff.growing at the northern limit of its distribution

Background： Progress of forest production in response to the environment requires a quantitative understanding of leaf area development. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the dynamics of seasonal crown foliage in order to understand the productivity of mangroves, which play an important role in the subtropical and tropical coastlines of the world. Method： Crown foliage dynamics of the mangrove Rhizophora styloso were studies to reveal patterns of leaf recruitment, survival and seasonal leaf area growth. Results： Flushing of leaves occurred throughout the year, but both flushing and leaf area growth pattern of leaves varied with season. Maximum flushing occurred in summer, but leaf areas did not differ significantly with season. The half-expansion period is longer, and the intrinsic rate of increase was lower in winter. Summer flushed leaves grew faster at their initial stage and reached their maximum area over a shorter period of time. The difference in temperature and air vapor pressure deficit （VPD） between summer and winter contributed to the present dynamics of foliage patterns. The mean leaf longevity was estimated to be 13.1 month. The crown foliage area was almost stable throughout the year. Conclusions： Homeostatic control of the crown foliage area may be accompanied by the existence of ecophysiological mechanisms in R. stylosa. Integrating crown foliage dynamics into forest models represents an important step towards incorporating physiological mechanisms into the models for predicting growth responses to environmental changes and for understanding the complex responses of tree growth and litter production.     

Developing a dynamic growth model for teak plantations in India

Background： Tectono grandis （teak） is one of the most important tropical timber species occurring naturally in India. Appropriate growth models, based on advanced modeling techniques, are not available but are necessary for the successful management of teak stands in the country. Long-term forest planning requires mathematical models and the principles of Dynamical System Theory provide a solid foundation for these.
Methods： The state-space approach makes it possible to accommodate disturbances and avarying environment. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a dynamic growth model based on the limited data, consisting of three annual measurements, collected from 22 teak sample plots in Karnataka, Southern India.
Results： A biologically consistent whole-stand growth model has been presented which uses the state-space approach for modelling rates of change of three state-variables viz., dominant height, stems per hectare and stand basal area. Moreover, the model includes a stand volume equation as an output function to estimate this variable at any point in time. Transition functions were fitted separately and simultaneously. Moreover, a continuous autoregressive error structure is also included in the modelling process. For fitting volume equation, generalized method of moments was used to get efficient parameter estimates under heteroscedastic conditions.
Conclusions： A simple model containing few free parameters performed well and is particularly well suited to situations where available data is scarce.     

松华坝水源区不同土地利用类型坡面土壤养分分析

【目的】了解南方地区红壤地氮磷素养分的垂直迁移规律,为提高肥料利用率和减少面源污染提供理论依据。【方法】选取松华坝水源保护区典型流域迤者小流域为试验区,对灌草林、坡耕地、荒地3种不同土地利用类型不同坡位处土壤剖面土壤养分各指标进行测定,并分析其相关性。【结果】对于同一土地利用类型而言土壤各养分指标的含量均为：坡下部〉坡中部〉坡上部;对于3种土地利用类型,土壤全氮、全磷含量均为：灌草林〉坡耕地〉荒地,土壤碱解氮含量为：坡耕地〉灌草林〉荒地,土壤速效磷含量为：坡耕地〉灌草林〉荒地,有机质含量为：荒地〉灌草林〉坡耕地;土地利用类型对土壤养分影响程度为：全磷〉全氮〉有机质〉碱解氮〉速效磷;土壤全氮含量与坡位呈显著线性相关,碱解氮含量与坡位呈极显著线性相关;土壤速效磷、土壤全氮、土壤碱解氮和土壤有机质含量与土层深度呈极显著线性相关;土壤养分之间有相互的影响,土壤有机质与速效磷和碱解氮之间呈显著和较显著的影响。【结论】南方红壤坡地中氮磷素养分的垂直运移规律为同一土地利用类型土壤各养分含量,整体随坡位的下降而增大,随着土层深度的增加而减少;不同土地利用类型对土壤全量养分（全氮、全磷）有显著影响。     

广东省江门地区农户新技术采用行为影响因素分析——以水稻“三控”施肥技术采用为例

[目的]深入了解广东省江门地区农户对新技术采用行为的主要影响因素,探索未来江门地区乃至广东省新技术推广工作的努力方向.[方法]以水稻“三控”施肥技术为例,以江门地区404个农户的调查数据为依据,通过Logistic回归模型对农户技术采用行为的影响因素进行定量分析.[结果]在广东省江门地区农户新技术采用行为影响因素中,技术接受难易程度、采用“三控”技术比传统种植的增产量、参加农技培训班次数、培训班对农户帮助情况与农户采用新技术的意愿呈显著正相关,尤其是技术接受难易程度、采用“三控”技术比传统种植的增产量与农户采用新技术的意愿达到了极显著水平,男性在新技术采用中起着决策的主导力量.[建议]应创新技术培训内容和方式、加强示范展示基地建设、加快农民专业合作社发展、加强政府引导和支持力度,以提高农民新技术采用率,促进农业新技术的推广.     

凤眼莲动态模块化治理湖泊污染的设计

指出了环境生态工程采用生态学理论,强调将环境问题于系统内解决,使受污染的环境能够适时与周边的大自然友好和谐地融为一体,注重经济效益和生态效益的高度统一,已经逐步发展为最受欢迎的修复水体的技术之一。凤眼莲是修复污染湖泊的良好先锋植物,但其易泛滥成灾和含水量甚高的特性限制了人们对其大规模的使用。本着环境生态工程的理念,建立了凤眼莲动态模块化的浮床装置,利用风能为浮床装置提供电能,结合装置内的螺旋桨动力结构使浮床移动,通过旋转吊臂滑轮和底部尼龙网结构使凤眼莲机械化原位去水。此设计在实现低廉、高效治理水体富营养化和重金属等污染问题的同时,也有效解决了凤眼莲可能泛滥成灾的隐患,达到生态效益、经济效益和景观效益的协调统一。     

平煤天安股份五矿矿区土地系统生态环境压力评价

采用专家判读、AHP法、指数衰减法、加权法对平煤天安股份五矿矿区土地系统存在的生态环境压力进行了综合评价。结果表明：平煤天安股份五矿矿区土地系统生态环境总压力整体为,轻度环境压力（202hm2,32.90％）＞中度环境压力（190hm2,30.94％）＞中高度环境压力（154hm2,25.08％）＞高强度环境压力（68hm2,11.07％）。其中,资源消耗压力A2最大,其次为环境污染压力A3、生产规模压力A4,自然环境压力A1最小。在评价基础上利用矿区土地的自然环境压力和人为生产压力的分异性,将矿区的土地系统分为保护型、消费型、生产型和调和型4种土地生态功能类型和11种土地生态类型区;平煤天安股份五矿矿区土地利用状况呈现不合理的利用状态,主要体现在具有生态保护功能的保护型土地生态系统的总面积仅为4.94hm2,占地比例为13.1％。     

人为干扰对西南喀斯特小流域生态恢复的影响

对退化生态系统的恢复,是喀斯特生态脆弱区域社会经济发展的重要保障。农业生产活动、石漠化治理、土地利用方式等,共同构成了影响喀斯特小流域生态系统退化和恢复的人为干扰因素。在前人对喀斯特石漠化小流域生态治理相关研究的基础上,以生态系统组成要素和生态恢复动态过程为出发点,分析并探讨人为干扰对于植被、土壤、凋落物、土壤生物结构、功能和多样性的扰动。提出生态治理和生态建设应注意对生态系统要素的维持和丰富,并加强对生态系统整体恢复和生态过程的研究,从而更好地促进喀斯特石漠化小流域生态系统的恢复。