万源县磷肥资源调查研究

通过地质，土壤的考察和分析鉴定，明确了万源县磷肥资源的类型，分布，质量，贮量和土壤磷素状况以及施磷效果。提出了开发磷肥资源，解决土壤缺磷问题，是万源县发展农业生产，脱盆致富的重要作途径。     

四川盆地低山丘陵区柏木低效林改造效应研究

柏木低效林是四川盆地丘陵区一种典型的低效林类型。对四川省阆中市哑口乡低效柏木人工林设计了4种间伐强度(对照、21.6%的弱度间伐、49.4%的强度间伐和71.3%的极强度间伐)的低改试验。于5年后对试验地进行了林分生长量调查,并采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数P、ielou群落均匀度指数和Simpson生态优势度指数对低改后林下植被的多样性进行了对比研究。结果表明:抚育间伐对树高生长无显著影响(P>0.05);不同间伐强度对林分平均胸径生长影响显著(P<0.01),其生长量随着间伐强度的增强而增加,但保留密度2 490和1 560株/hm2的2个处理间的差异不显著(P>0.05);林分低改后,增加了林下植被的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou群落均匀度指数,减低了Simpson生态优势度指数。因此,作为水土保持林,可对柏林低效林进行50%的抚育间伐,即保留密度在2 500株/hm2左右。     

青海高原东部农业区建设用地扩张驱动力分析

利用土地利用现状调查与变更调查统计数据,结合历年统计年鉴的社会经济数据,分析了青海高原东部农业区1996-2005年建设用地扩张过程与特点,定量分析建设用地变化的驱动因素。研究结果表明：建设用地的外延扩张迅速,非农建设占用耕地的现象较为突出。各类社会经济驱动因素中,逐步上升的二三产业比重、不断增长的人口压力和城镇化水平...     

川西亚高山针叶林植物群落演替对土壤性质的影响

研究了川西亚高山针叶林人工重建过程中土壤物理性质,结果表明:随着人工云杉林龄的增加,土壤表层粉粒、粘粒、物理性粘粒、团聚度和结构系数降低,砂粒含量增高,土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及总孔隙和毛管孔隙在人工云杉林演替过程中表现出"U"型变化,即人工云杉从幼林向成熟林演替阶段,土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及总孔隙和毛管孔隙则减少,在40年生云杉林达最低值之后,随着云杉自疏而有上升的趋势,毛管持水量是决定林地土壤自然含水量的主要因子。为了加速该区域植被恢复和重建过程,建议营造针阔混交林和对人工成熟林和过熟林进行间伐抚育,增加物种多样性,减少水土流失,为植物生长创造良好的土壤物理环境。     

川南丘陵区近30 a来土壤养分时空变化

[目的]通过研究川南丘陵地区区域尺度上土壤养分的空间分异特征和时间变化特点,为该区域的土壤质量管理和农业可持续发展服务。[方法]基于GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析1982—2011年川南丘陵地区宜宾市南溪区长兴镇耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的时空变化情况。[结果](1)研究区5种土壤指标中,有效磷的变异系数最高,其余指标变异系数在22.18%~37.03%,属中等程度变异。(2)结构分析表明,1982年时土壤养分的块基比为25%~75%,属中等变异,结构因素和人为因素对其都有影响;到了2011年,各指标空间自相关性变弱,人为因素占主导作用。(3)克里格插值显示,研究区近1/2区域土壤氮素偏高,全氮和碱解氮含量在高等级及以上面积分别占39.26%和47.94%;磷素虽略有上升,但有52.68%的区域有效磷含量在5mg/kg以下,属严重缺磷;钾素含量在中上等级区域面积减少,大部分在中下水平,甚至出现了极低水平。[结论]经过近30a土地利用后,整体上研究区土壤养分北高南低,且呈重氮,轻磷,忽钾的态势,研究区以南要注意控制氮肥的输入,补充磷、钾肥。     

Geochemical fluxes in forested acidified catchments

The atmospheric deposition of some major components (e.g., NO₃-N 6.6 and 14.5; SO₄-S 17.8 and 42.4 kg ha^–1 a^–1) and trace elements (e.g., Cd 0.4 and 1.1, Cu < 1.9=" and=" 15,=" pb=" 43=" and=" 48=" g=">^–1 a^–1) in bulk and throughfall deposition respectively, shows a pronounced decline in recent measurements of total deposition in the eastern Erzgebirge (Germany). This is true for both bulk and throughfall deposition in 1992–1994 as compared to similar data from 1985–1989. The decline is a result of successful emission control strategies in central Europe and the shut down of plants and factories in the former GDR.The dry deposition at the highest (influenced by long-range transport) and the lowest station (local influences) shows distinct differences (e.g., Cd 0.6 and 0.3; Cu 17.4 and 7.3; Pb 13 and 31 ng m^–3). A comparison between total and dry deposition exhibits the different behavior of elements in respect to atmospheric concentrations and solubility in (rain)water. Anthropogenically released elements are mainly immited via wet deposition.     

沼改厕推广模式的实现及其在四川省的应用

农村户用沼气池是国家战略性惠农措施，中国政府为促进农村沼气工程建设投入了大量财力物力。近年来，因劳动力转移、农业产业结构调整等多种原因造成大量沼气池闲置弃用，极大地浪费了国家和人民的财产。如何提高农村户用沼气池利用率，改善农村生产生活环境是当前乡村振兴面临的一大难题。该研究从"沼改厕"的现实背景、发展现状和技术模式入手，通过"推广模式、推广方法、效益分析和管护机制"四个层面对四川省"沼改厕"典型地区进行案例分析，并深入讨论了"沼改厕"模式的推广应注意的问题，为农村"厕所革命"提供互补的改厕方式，也为"沼改厕"推广模式提供理论支撑。     

川西南常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸及其对氮沉降的响应

通过原位进行低氮(LN,50 kg N/hm2.a)、中氮(MN,100 kg N/hm2.a)和高氮(HN,150 kg N/hm2.a)处理,研究了川西南天然常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸及其对模拟N沉降的响应。结果表明:(1)该森林土壤呼吸速率最大值612.21±77.82 mg CO2/m2.h出现在7月份,最小值108.95±17.01 mg CO2/m2.h出现在2月,年均土壤呼吸速率为348.00±157.83 mg CO2/m2.h,年均土壤呼吸通量为8.31±3.77 t C/hm2.a。采用双因素关系模型(Rs=aebTWc),土壤温度和土壤湿度共同解释了该常绿阔叶林2005年10月~2006年7月土壤呼吸速率季节变化的68.6%~73.9%,其拟合结果优于以土壤湿度或温度为参数的单因素关系模型。影响土壤呼吸速率的主导因子是温度,其地表温度变化响应的敏感程度Q10值为2.12,以土壤5 cm深处的温度为参数时,Q10值为2.51。(2)N沉降处理3个月后,该森林中HN和MN处理的土壤呼吸速率(309.43±17.24 mg CO2/m2.h,303.82±11.50 mgCO2/m2.h)均显著高于CK(269.28±13.78 mg CO2/m2.h)(P<0.05);处理4个月后,HN的土壤呼吸速率(272.42±13.25 mg CO2/m2.h)均显著高于MN(239.65±10.33 mg CO2/m2.h)、LN(229.10±9.90 mg CO2/m2.h)和CK(234.51±12.77 mg CO2/m2.h)(P<0.05);但处理7~10个月时,各处理之间无显著差异。研究表明,N沉降初期明显促进了常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸,后期无明显影响。     

A preliminary assessment of the potential for using Pbex measurement to estimate soil redistribution rates on cultivated slopes in the Sichuan Hilly Basin of China

In order to assess its potential for estimating soil redistribution rates, the naturally occurring fallout radionuclide ²¹⁰Pb_ex has been used in parallel with ¹³⁷Cs, derived from the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapon testing in the 1950s to 1970s, to estimate rates of soil redistribution on a sloping field with traditional erosion control measures located near Jiajia Village, Jianyang County, in the Sichuan Hilly Basin of China. The local ²¹⁰Pb_ex reference inventory of 12,860 Bq m^− 2 is higher than those reported for many other areas of the world and may reflect the influence of cloudy weather in preventing ²¹⁰Pb released to the atmosphere across the local region moving up into the upper troposphere, where is would be more widely dispersed. The mean ²¹⁰Pb_ex and ¹³⁷Cs inventories measured in cores collected from the upper part of the field with an average slope of 10° were 8028 Bq m^− 2 and 993 Bq m^− 2, respectively, and the equivalent values for the lower part of the field, where the slopes are steeper (20°) were 11,388 Bq m^− 2 and 1299 Bq m^− 2. The pattern of post-fallout ²¹⁰Pb_ex and ¹³⁷Cs redistribution on the sloping field reflects not only the effects of water erosion and redistribution by tillage, but also the local traditional practice of “Tiaoshamiantu”, whereby sediment trapped in the ditches is returned to the fields by the farmer. The estimates of annual rates of soil loss provided by the ²¹⁰Pb_ex measurement are closely comparable with those derived from the ¹³⁷Cs measurements and are consistent with existing knowledge for the study area. The results obtained from this study confirm the potential for using ²¹⁰Pb_ex measurement to estimate soil erosion rates over medium-term timescale of 50–100 years. By combining the estimates of erosion rates provided by the ²¹⁰Pb_ex and ¹³⁷Cs measurements, the weighted mean net soil loss was estimated to be 48.7 t ha^− 1 year^− 1 from the upper subfield and 16.9 t ha^− 1 year^− 1 from the lower subfield. These rates are considerably lower than the erosion rates obtained from runoff plot measurements in the local area. It is suggested that the traditional erosion control practices and the practice of “Tiaoshamiantu” have a significant effect in reducing soil loss and conserving valuable cultivated soil on sloping fields in the Sichuan Hilly Basin.     

川中丘陵区不同利用方式的土壤养分特征研究

通过实地调查、土壤采样分析和数理统计结合的方法，对川中丘陵区5种土地利用方式（水田、旱地、菜地、林地和荒草地）的土壤养分状况进行对比分析，结果表明．土地利用方式对土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量的影响达极显著（或显著）水平；在5种土地利用方式中．土壤有机质和全氮含量由高到低的顺序为：水田〉林地〉菜地〉旱地〉荒草地；土壤全钾和速效钾含量由高到低的顺序为：水田〉菜地〉旱地〉林地〉荒草地；土壤全磷含量由高到低的顺序为：菜地〉旱地〉林地〉水田〉荒草地。