Dynamic emulation of the effect from a single tree to lower solar radiation distribution

By modeling the condition of light climate, we studied the negative effect of shadows in a shelterbelt forest. Based on the calculation of the apparent trajectory of solar motion according to an ellipsoid crown projection model and a Monsi light transmission model, radiation values of 36 experimental sites were measured using a light quantum meter. Estimates of daily solar radiation distribution from measured values were obtained. We built a crown projection model and simulated the conditions of a light climate in the forest. The trajectory of the shadow motion is shaped like a butterfly arc. The situation of the outside is affected by tree height (H) and that of the inner arc by height below the branches. In an area of 1.0 × H (toward the east and west of the tree) and 0.6 × H (toward the north), transmittance was below 90%, which means that the effect of shadow hazards occurs in this area. As well, the effect was strong at the bottom of the tree. The area of shadow hazards in the east and west of the tree was large and small in the south. The projection area of the shelterbelt forest was largest along an east and west direction. A certain distance between crops and the shelterbelt should be maintained when the shelterbelt is in a north-south direction. Therefore, the effect of shadow hazard will decrease north of the tropic of cancer. Cutting out the lower branches from the trees of the existing shelterbelt in a suitable and timely manner can reduce the area of the shadows. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest A&F University, 2008, 36(6): 113–118 [译自: 西北农林科技大学学报]     

Genetic stability at nuclear and plastid DNA level in regenerated plants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum</Emphasis> species and hybrids

In this work we detected the extent of variability at nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA level of regenerated plants belonging to Solanum genotypes with a different genetic background and somatic chromosome number. As for the nuclear characterization, a total of 66 (18.5%) polymorphic bands were scored using 13 ISSR primers on 45 randomly selected regenerants. Our results show that the regenerants obtained from clone cmm 1T and, at lower level, those from cph 1C are unstable under in vitro conditions or rather more prone to in vitro-induced stress leading to somaclonal variation than the other genotypes used. Two types of changes were observed: disappearance of parental ISSR fragments, termed “loss”; appearance of novel ISSR fragments, termed “gain”. The most frequent event occurring in the regenerants was the loss of fragments (41 bands). Regenerated plants were analyzed with seven plastid universal primers to determine the cytoplasmic composition at chloroplast level. All cpDNA primer pairs tested produced amplicons of the same size in all genotypes analyzed and no polymorphic fragments were observed with any universal primers used. Our results show that under in vitro culture conditions genotype affects the integrity of the genome. In addition, the absence of polymorphism at plastid level confirms the greater genetic stability of cytoplasmic DNA.     

Inter- and intraspecific sequence variations of the chloroplast genome in wild and cultivated Raphanus

To assess the differentiation of the chloroplast genome in wild and cultivated species of Raphanus , nucleotide sequence polymorphisms were investigated for approximately 2 kbp ranging from trnL (UAA) to psbG in R. raphanistrum and R. sativus . Eighteen plants of wild species, 10 Japanese wild radish plants ( R. sativus ), and 31 cultivated plants were used for sequence analysis. Intraspecific variations of the chloroplast genome were present both in wild and cultivated Raphanus . All three genes investigated ( trnL , trnF and ndhJ ) contained nucleotide substitutions within the genus. Whereas, larger numbers of mutations were observed in the intergenic regions. Using the detected variations, the 59 radish plants were classified into 11 haplotypes, seven of which were unique to wild species. Among the haplotypes, one type corresponded completely with the Ogura male sterile cytoplasm. All the cultivated radishes belonged to one of four types, of which three were also observed in Japanese wild radish. The haplotypes were classified into four groups by cluster analysis, and the distribution in the dendrogram confirmed that cultivated radish has multiple origins. On the other hand, the seven haplotypes uniquely observed in R. raphanistrum were considered as useful materials to provide genetic diversity of cytoplasm for breeding of cultivated radishes.     

陆地棉高品质系数量性状的遗传变异与选择指数

 研究了20个高品质陆地棉品系12个数量性状的遗传变异、广义遗传力、遗传相关及产量的选择指数。结果表明,单株产量和株铃数具有较大的遗传变异,纤维品质性状的遗传变异较小,说明继续改良高品质系的产量性状潜力较大。纤维品质性状的广义遗传力介于79.07%~89.47%之间,产量及产量组分性状中以衣分和铃重最高,广义遗传力分别为89.1%和81.85%,单株皮棉重最低,为55.05%。单株皮棉重与株铃数、株铃数与果枝数成极显著遗传正相关。利用与单株皮棉重遗传相关较强的多个性状构建的选择指数,比单纯选择单株皮棉重的效果好,其中以单株皮棉重、株铃数、果枝数和果节数结合选择的效果最佳。     

2Ai-2染色体在小麦部分同源染色体代换背景中的遗传

用中间偃麦草2Ai-2染色体特异的EST-PCR标记检测5个小麦-中间偃麦草二体异代换系(包括端体代换系)与普通小麦中国春(CS)杂交后代群体,研究外源染色体2Ai-2通过杂种向后代的传递率及其结构变异,并用基因组原位杂交进行验证。结果表明,第二部分同源群不同染色体代换背景对外源染色体传递的影响不同,在2B代换系的杂种中外源染色体或片段显示优先传递,而在2D代换系的杂种中其传递力则较低,2B代换背景更有利于2Ai-2染色体或片段的传递;外源染色体在杂种后代传递过程中会发生变异,在多数组合中,变异出现在着丝粒处;与短臂相比,外源染色体长臂更容易在世代中丢失;端体代换系中的外源染色体端体在杂种后代传递过程中容易丢失,且也会发生结构变异。基因组原位杂交结果证明了分子标记跟踪外源染色体的可靠性。     

首批海岛棉基因组来源的微卫星标记的分离、评价和定位

海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)是世界上最重要的栽培棉种之一。海岛棉纤维品质优良,是优质棉的重要产源。为了研究海岛棉的遗传多样性,为海岛棉育种提供参考依据,从海岛棉遗传标准系中分离基因组来源的微卫星标记用于海岛棉遗传评价。采用两种方法分离微卫星标记,一是用ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) 引物扩增Pima3-79,克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记;二是利用简并引物扩增Pima3-79,克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记。共挑选1 447个克隆,筛选出239个独立克隆。测序后得到214个单一序列,其中包含微卫星并可用于引物设计的序列70个,获得86对引物。86对引物用于扩增56个海岛棉材料和4个陆地棉材料,16对引物没有扩增,43对引物在所有材料中没有多态性;27对引物在海岛棉和陆地棉之间有多态性,19对引物在海岛棉中表现多态性。利用Jaccard相似系数和UPGMA方法进行聚类分析可以明显区分陆地棉和海岛棉,并且将海岛棉分为4类。14对引物在BC₁群体中表现多态性,产生14个位点。9个位点整合到BC₁连锁图的7个染色体上,4个位于A亚基因组,5个位于D亚基因组。海岛棉微卫星标记扩展了棉花微卫星标记,有助于海岛棉遗传多样性的研究,有利于棉花遗传图谱的进一步丰富。     

利用RAPD和SSR分析36个贵州主要玉米种质的比较研究

利用RAPD和SSR两种标记方法研究了36个玉米自交系的遗传多样性,并对这两种分子标记系统进行了比较.利用筛选出的22条RAPD引物,检测到了148条有多态性的带;利用筛选出的34对SSR引物,检测到158个等位基因.RAPD和SSR分子标记均有很高的多态性,RAPD多态性带比例为95.95%,SSR位点检测出的平均等位基因数位4.65.RAPD分子标记结果将36个玉米自交系划分为6大类,SSR分子标记将其划分为5大类.与系谱分析基本一致,两种分子标记划分的结果也相似.研究认为,RAPD、SSR两种分子标记系统均适合于玉米种质的遗传多样性研究,但SSR更可取.     

朗德鹅祖代不同个体选配组合繁殖性能的比较研究

[目的]选育适应湖北气候特点的肥肝鹅新品系。[方法]采用随机交配方法,对160只朗德鹅祖代鹅按1：3性比为1组,建立14个父系选配组合和26个母系选配组合,观测不同选配组合在1个产蛋季节种鹅的繁殖性能。[结果]结果表明,各组合种鹅的繁殖性能指标存在较大差异（P〈0．01）,14个父系组合相比较,种鹅产蛋总数、只平产蛋、平均蛋重、产蛋天数、平均产蛋率、受精率、受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率和健雏率等指标值的变异系数分别达24％、24％、5％、14％、25％、23％、15％、29％和11％;同样26个母系组合相比较,这些指标值的变异系数分别达到了27％、27％、4％、8％、26％、20％、15％、27％和11％。[结论]法国朗德鹅在饲养条件下繁殖性能不整齐,可选择性大,可以进行肥肝鹅新品种（系）选育。     

花生数量性状的多元遗传分析

用多元遗传统计分析方法分析了27个花生品种13个性状的遗传关系。结果表明:单株单仁果数、单株荚果重、单株双仁果数的变异系数较大,分别为44.76%、19.07%和17.53%,饱果率、出仁率和总分枝数等变异系数较小,分别为3.23%、7.35%和9.52%;小区产量与单株荚果干重、单株果数、单株双仁果数、百果重和百仁重分别呈极显著正相关,与总分枝数和单株单仁果数呈显著正相关,但与主茎高和第一对侧枝长呈极显著负相关;前4个主成分对变异的累计贡献率达80.66%。     

基于RS和GIS的郑州市土地利用动态变化及预测

以郑州市为研究对象,选用1995年、2000年、2007年3期的TM图像,运用RS和GIS技术分析了郑州市1995-2007年间土地利用动态变化的空间过程,并运用马尔柯夫模型对土地利用动态变化及演变趋势进行了预测分析.结果表明:在12 a间,各土地类型的单一土地利用动态度都在增加,综合土地利用动态度也呈上升趋势.预测结果表明,2007年以后的14 a内(2007-2021年)研究区内耕地将进一步减少,但减少的幅度将逐渐减小;林地总面积也将减少,但草地的面积将变化不大;城镇用地将进一步继续增加,但增加的速度将放缓;水域面积将继续减少.