Temporal stability in soil water content patterns across agricultural fields

When a field or a small watershed is repeatedly surveyed for soil water content, locations can often be identified where soil water contents are either consistently larger or consistently less than the study area average. This phenomenon has been called temporal stability, time stability, temporal persistence, or rank stability in spatial patterns of soil water contents. Temporal stability is of considerable interest in terms of facilitating upscaling of observed soil water contents to obtain average values across the observation area, improving soil water monitoring strategies, and correcting the monitoring results for missing data. The objective of this work was to contribute to the existing knowledge base on temporal stability in soil water patterns using frequent multi-depth measurements with Multisensor Capacitance Probes (MCPs) installed in a coarse-texture soil under multi-year corn production. Water contents at 10, 30, 50, and 80 cm depths were measured every 10 min for 20 months of continuous observation from May 2001 to December 2002. The MCPs revealed temporal stability in soil water content patterns. Temporal stability was found to increase with depth. The statistical hypothesis could not be rejected (P < 0.0001) that data collected each 10 min, each 2 h, each day, and each week had the same temporal stability. The locations that were best for estimating the average water contents were different for different depths. The best three locations for the whole observation period were the same as the best locations for a month of observations in about 60% of the cases. Temporal stability for a specific location and depth could serve as a good predictor of the utility of this location for estimating the area-average soil water content for that depth. Temporal stability could be efficiently used to correct area-average water contents for missing data. Soil water contents can be upscaled and efficiently monitored using the temporal stability of soil water content patterns.     

The severity of smouldering peat fires and damage to the forest soil

Smouldering wildfires propagate slowly through surface and subsurface organic layers of the forest ground and severely affect the soil, producing physical, chemical and biological changes. These effects are caused by the prolonged heating and the large loss of soil mass but are poorly documented in the literature. A series of smouldering experiments with boreal peat have been conducted under laboratory conditions to quantify these effects using small-scale samples. Peat samples of 100 mm by 100 mm in cross section and 50 mm in depth of different moisture were exposed to an external ignition source. Thermocouples placed throughout the sample bed measured the temperature evolution and tracked the peat ignition, intensity and spread of the smouldering front. The results show that moisture content controls peat ignition and that moisture below 125 ± 10% (in dry base) are required. The severity of the smouldering peat on the soil has been quantified in terms of temperature vs. residence time curves and mass loss. The measurements show temperatures in excess of 300 °C for residence times of 1 h leading to sterilization of the soil and mass loss in burnt layers above 90%.     

不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

研究了长期定位试验不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物生物量碳的变化,结果表明:裸地处理的微生物生物量碳最低;不施肥种植作物(CK)或施肥种植作物(NPK)能显著提高土壤微生物量碳含量;NPK配合猪厩肥处理的微生物体碳含量显著高于CK和NPK处理;荒地处理由于返回的植物残体量很大,积累的有机物很多,所以其微生物量碳最大;其次为割草处理和林地处理。有机质含量高的土壤其土壤微生物量也高,土壤微生物碳的周转强度也大,周转时间短,周转速率为:荒地>割草>林地>NPK+C>NPK>CK>裸地。     

微域尺度苏打碱土的特征与植被的分布规律

探讨了微域尺度(32 m长的横剖面)苏打碱土的特征以及植被分布规律.结果表明,沿洼地向高平地土壤表现为盐化草甸土-浅位柱状苏打碱土-白盖苏打碱土-中位柱状苏打碱土的分布格局.植被为圆叶碱毛茛/蔚蓄蓼群落、鹅绒委陵菜群落、羊草/寸草苔群落、裸地以及羊草/星星草/虎尾草群落,其中委陵菜/篇蓄蓼群落、羊草/苔草群落沿洼地呈环状分布,裸地以及碱茅/虎尾草/羊草群落呈斑状分布.洼地边缘的植被具有最高的物种丰富度和覆盖度,生物量也最高;高平地的植被矮小,生物量较少.裸地的盐分含量较高(可达3.38%),土体紧实,限制了植被生长.     

水深环境梯度下柽柳种群分布格局的分形分析

利用计盒维数和信息维数两种分形方法分析了黄河三角洲湿地柽柳种群的空间分布特征及其随水深梯度的变化。结果表明,不同水深梯度下柽柳种群分布格局的计盒维数均较大,随着水深的增大而逐渐减小,但变化幅度较小,反映了不同水深梯度下柽柳种群对水平空间的占据程度较大;信息维数总体上随水深的增大而减小,在水深低于-1．55m范围内,信息维数较大,柽柳种群的微观结构较为复杂,格局强度较高,水深高于-1．55m时,信息维数较小,柽柳种群的微观结构较为简单,格局强度较弱。水深-1．55m可能是黄河三角洲湿地柽柳种群分布格局的一个阅值。     

离子注入对雪松花粉粒萌发与花粉管生长的影响

用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术(LSCM)研究了低能离子注入对雪松花粉管萌发和生长的影响。结果表明,低剂量(1×1015ions/cm2)注入对雪松花粉粒萌发没有明显的影响;3×1015ions/cm2和5×1015ions/cm2离子注入可以刺激花粉粒萌发;高剂量(等于或大于7×1015ions/cm2)的离子注入会显著抑制花粉粒萌发。离子注入对雪松花粉管的伸长和花粉管的形态特征有比较明显的影响,花粉管受到的损伤程度与离子注入剂量有一定的相关性。     

黄土坡面侵蚀方式演变与侵蚀产沙过程试验研究

利用自行设计的双土槽径流小区系统和人工模拟降雨试验研究方法,研究了坡面侵蚀方式演变对坡面侵蚀产沙量的影响,分析了沟蚀发育不同阶段对坡面侵蚀产沙的贡献。结果表明,坡面侵蚀发育初期,沟头溯源侵蚀占主导地位,侵蚀产沙量呈增加趋势;坡面侵蚀发育中期,沟蚀的宽度和深度变化已属于切沟形态发育的范围,导致了侵蚀产沙量的急剧增加;坡面侵蚀发育后期,沟蚀发育过程处于后期稳定阶段,侵蚀产沙量变化伏动较小。在坡面侵蚀发育初期、中期和后期,沟蚀分别占坡面总侵蚀产沙量的28．7％,70．4％和37．1％。     

澄江尖山河小流域不同土地利用类型面源污染输出特征

研究了自然降雨条件下澄江尖山河小流域4种不同土地利用类型径流小区中面源污染输出特征。结果表明,不同土地利用类型径流小区中面源污染物输出量不同,农地的全磷输出量最大,其次是人工林,次生林和灌草丛较小;氨氮和COD输出量表现出农地和人工林大于次生林和灌草丛。不同土地利用类型径流中面源污染物输出浓度没有显著差异,但从总体上来看,植被覆盖度越高,径流水中的氮、磷浓度越高,而COD、氨氮浓度越低,硝态氮浓度是亚硝态氮浓度的8.5~111倍,可溶态氮以硝态氮形式流失为主;侵蚀泥沙有富集养分的特征,且次生林和灌草丛的富集率高于农地。不同土地利用类型侵蚀泥沙中全氮和全磷的输出量依次为:农地>人工林>灌草丛>次生林,速效氮和速效磷则为:农地>人工林>次生林>灌草丛。与氮相比,表层土壤中的磷更容易随径流流失,磷的输出以泥沙结合态为主,特别是速效磷。     

滇东南石漠化山地不同植被恢复模式下土壤地力变化和水土流失状况研究

通过对滇东南石漠化山地不同植被恢复模式下土壤的理化性质进行定点观测和地力变化及水土流失状况的分析,结果表明:封山育林地土壤的肥力较佳,其次是耕地土壤,这是由于封山育林地土壤多年来进行封山育林,耕地土壤进行了平衡施肥;3年后人工林地土壤的理化性质有很大改善,土壤肥力有很大提高,这是退耕还林的结果;从水土流失状况来看,耕地是产流产沙、固体和液体养分流失最严重的类型,人工林地水土流失最低,说明退耕还林和封山育林有利于石漠化山地土壤肥力的改善和水土保持功能的提高。     

大豆LIM转录因子家族鉴定及盐胁迫响应分析

为探究大豆LIM转录因子家族基因在应答盐胁迫中的功能,利用生物信息学方法,根据大豆全基因组数据,共鉴定出21个LIM基因,命名为GmLIM01～GmLIM21,分析大豆LIM基因家族的染色体位置、蛋白质的理化性质、进化关系、保守基序以及对非生物逆境胁迫的响应。结果表明,这些GmLIM基因在大豆20条染色体中的14条染色体上分布不均,片段重复是大豆LIM家族扩大的主要原因。根据系统发育进化分析,大豆21个LIM基因可分为5个亚家族,与其他9个物种的LIM基因一起构建进化树,也可分为5个亚家族。大豆的21个GmLIM基因共包含10个基序,大部分LIM蛋白含有motif 1、motif 2和motif 4这3个保守基序。此外,顺式调控元件的分析表明,在GmLIM基因的启动子序列中,与光响应、生长发育、植物激素和非生物逆境胁迫应答相关的调控元件非常丰富。定量PCR结果表明,在盐胁迫处理后大豆叶和根中GmLIM07、GmLIM17基因的表达量分别在3和6 h达到峰值,后随着处理时间的加长表达量下降。综上GmLIM基因在大豆的盐胁迫应答过程中具有重要的调控作用。