基于稻田控水减排的氮肥运筹试验研究

为改善江汉平原地区稻田水肥管理措施,采用田间小区试验,研究了常规淹灌(CF)和浅灌深蓄(SIDS)条件下,农民习惯施肥(FFP)、30%尿素+70%控释参混肥(30%N+70%CRF)和优化减氮施肥(OPT-N)对水稻各生育阶段稻田氮磷流失特征、养分吸收和土壤养分积累的影响。结果表明:与CF处理相比,SIDS处理田间灌溉水量、总用水量、径流量和渗漏量分别降低41.7%,18.5%,45.8%和21.9%,降雨利用率增加16.2%,TN和TP径流流失量分别降低32.6%~35.9%和36.4%~53.1%,渗漏流失量分别降低22.8%~32.0%和16.2%~33.3%,水稻返青期—拔节孕穗期分别占稻田氮磷径流和渗漏流失总量的70%以上。30%N+70%CRF处理、OPT-N处理较FFP处理,TN径流流失量分别降低19.7%~29.2%,15.1%~25.2%,渗漏流失量分别降低25.4%~51.7%,20.9%~26.4%,TP渗漏流失量分别降低18.4%~24.5%,20.4%~31.6%,但TP径流流失量差别很小。从水稻养分吸收和土壤养分积累来看,SIDS处理实际产量相对CF处理可增产4.4%,但对0—40cm土层氮磷养分累积影响不大,30%N+70%CRF处理和OPT-N处理相对FFP处理可增产5.6%和0.4%,且0—20cm土层速效态氮磷养分能维持在一个较高且相对稳定的水平。综上,浅灌深蓄结合30%N+70%CRF施用有利于稻田节水、减少氮磷流失、水稻增产以及土壤肥力改善。     

Characterization of vegetable nitrogen uptake and soil nitrogen transformation in response to continuous molybdenum application

Molybdenum (Mo), a plant micronutrient, is involved in nitrogen (N) cycling of global ecosystem, but little is known about its effect on soil N transformation especially the key processes nitrification and denitrification. A long‐term field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of continuous sufficient soil available Mo on vegetable N uptake and soil N transformation. The experiment consisted of three treatments: control (CK), Mo deficiency (NPK), and Mo application (NPK+Mo). The results show that (1) after a 7‐year‐experiment, continuous Mo application significantly increased soil available Mo content. (2) Compared to the NPK treatment, NPK+Mo treatment showed an increase of 11, 18, and 8% in the cumulative crop yield, plant N uptake, and N fertilizer use efficiency. (3) With continuous Mo application, the soil , , microbial biomass N, and total N contents were reduced by 14, 29, 40, and 12%, the soil nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) activities were reduced by 14 and 8%, as well as the potential denitrification activity (PDA) and gross nitrification rate (GNR) were decreased by 64 and 80%, respectively. Additionally, continuous Mo application decreased the abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and increased the abundance of narG‐containing denitrifiers (narG) and nirK‐type nitrite reducers (nirK) significantly. The data suggest that a deficiency in soil available Mo may induce the risk of soil N accumulation and environmental N emission in vegetable soil, whereas continuous Mo application could mitigate this risk by increasing crop yield and N uptake and, by decreasing soil N residues, soil nitrification and denitrification.     

Dynamics of post‐harvest pathogens Neofabraea spp. and Cadophora spp. in plant residues in Dutch apple and pear orchards

Post‐harvest diseases of apple and pear cause significant losses. Neofabraea spp. and Cadophora spp. infect fruits during the growing season and remain quiescent until disease symptoms occur after several months in storage. Epidemiological knowledge of these diseases is limited. TaqMan PCR assays were developed for quantification of N. alba, N. perennans, C. malorum and C. luteo‐olivacea in environmental samples. Various host tissues, dead weeds and grasses, soil and applied composts were collected in 10 apple and 10 pear orchards in May 2012. Neofabraea alba was detected in 73% of samples from apple orchards and 48% from pear orchards. Neofabraea perennans was present in a few samples. Cadophora luteo‐olivacea was detected in 99% of samples from apple orchards and 93% from pear orchards, whilst C. malorum was not detected in any sample. In apple orchards, highest concentrations of N. alba were found in apple leaf litter, cankers and mummies, and of C. luteo‐olivacea in apple leaf litter, mummies and dead weeds. In pear orchards, N. alba and C. luteo‐olivacea were found in highest concentrations in pear leaf litter and in dead weeds. Substrate colonization varied considerably between orchards. The temporal dynamics of pathogens was followed in four apple orchards and four pear orchards. In apple orchards the colonization by pathogens decreased from April until August and increased from September until December. This pattern was less pronounced in pear. Knowledge on population dynamics is essential for the development of preventative measures to reduce risks of fruit infections during the growing season.     

Development and testing of a weather-based model to determine potential yield losses caused by potato late blight and optimize fungicide application

Late blight is one of the most important potato diseases. To minimize yield losses, various protective measures are used including fungicide application. Active use of fungicides results in a contamination of the environment. Therefore, crop protection strategies optimizing the number of treatments are of great interest. Using information about late blight development in an experimental potato field recorded over 30 seasons, a simulator to forecast yield losses caused by the disease was developed based on the number of 5-d periods favorable for reinfection of plants during a vegetation season. The simulator was successfully verified using independent data on the disease development from nine unprotected potato fields in the Netherlands and Germany. The average difference between the calculated and real yield losses did not exceed 5%. Using the simulator and weather data for a period of 2007–2017, yield losses were calculated for several areas of the Bryansk, Tambov, and Orenburg Regions of Russia. The results revealed differences in disease development between these regions and may be used to develop recommendations for a frequency of fungicide applications according to the regional risk of epidemics, leading to a significant reduction in fungicide use.     

生物炭对引黄灌区水稻产量和氮素淋失的影响

为解决宁夏引黄灌区稻田因过量施肥导致的土壤质量降低和养分淋失加剧问题,通过田间小区试验研究了施用外源生物炭对水稻产量、氮素淋失和平衡特征的影响。结果表明:同等施氮条件下,施用生物质炭对水稻子粒产量有显著的影响,生物炭用量达13 500kg/hm~2时水稻增产显著。施用生物炭也提高了氮肥利用率,施用生物炭9 000kg/hm~2和13 500kg/hm~2处理,氮肥利用率分别提高了6.7和7.8个百分点。田面水中总氮(TN)浓度和土体中TN淋失量随着生物炭用量的增加而降低,TN淋失量降幅在8.03%~13.36%之间,施用生物炭处理的氮素表观损失量分别降低了11.8%~45.2%。综合考虑引黄灌区水稻产量和环境效益,生物炭施用量控制在9 000~13 500kg/hm~2效果最佳。     

导叶出口边位置对深井离心泵性能的影响

选取100QJ30型混流式深井离心泵作为研究对象,借助数值模拟和性能试验的方法,研究导叶叶片出口边位置不同对深井离心泵性能的影响,并分析其内部流场的差异性和规律性.在导叶叶片主要几何参数不变的情况下,调整叶片出口边轴向位置,确定3种不同的导叶方案,其叶片出口边与导叶场域出口的轴向距离分别为6,3和1 mm.采用Ansys CFX软件分别对3个方案进行数值模拟,以两级泵模型建立计算域,划分结构化网格,基于标准k-ω湍流模型和标准壁面函数进行多工况数值模拟,分别对3个方案进行了性能预测,并对预测结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:导叶叶片出口边延伸可抑制由于脱流而产生涡核的演化与成长,进而消除导叶流道内的旋涡,改善次级叶轮进口处液体的流场分布.较前2个方案,方案3中的导叶结构较大幅度提升了导叶的整流能力.     

Use of diatomaceous earth for the management of stored-product pests

Diatomaceous earth (DE) is almost pure amorphous silicon dioxide, made up of fossilised diatoms; it acts as an insecticide by absorption of epicuticular lipids and fatty acids, leading to desiccation in arthropods. Numerous DE formulations have been attempted for the management of stored-product pests with good results. DE is persistent in its action, poses few or no pest resistance problems, and it leaves no residue. The efficacy of DE is affected by factors such as: its provenance, temperature, humidity and characteristics of target pests and substrate. Application of DE at currently recommended doses causes changes in bulk density of the grain; however, the use of enhanced DE formulations provides control at much lower doses. Therefore, new formulations of DEs usually include other low toxicity insecticides.     

CPC空隙设计及光能损失

复合抛物面聚光器（Compound Parabolic Concentrator,CPC）因结构简单不需要跟踪等优点在太阳能集热器和光伏发电系统中已获得广泛的应用,理想CPC的反射面与吸收体连在一起,而实际应用中因种种原因必须在两者之间留有空隙。该文对三种常见的CPC空隙带来的光学损失进行了理论分析。对比分析结果表明：对于平面吸收体CPC,空隙设计的优选方案是剪去靠近吸热体的反射面;对于圆形吸收体CPC,最优选的空隙设计方案是对理想CPC所对应的受光体的形状进行修正,其次是剪去与圆管相连的反射面。     

U型隧道式水产品烘房设计及关键技术

针对热风干燥水产品过程中常出现的表面干燥脱水过快、内部水分扩散通道易堵塞,造成产品水分不均匀度值较大,影响产品烘后品质问题,设计了专用U型隧道式水产品烘房,并对横流干燥、气流正反向切换、干燥介质温度及湿度在线控制、以及热能循环利用等关键技术进行了分析与研究。与单通道、双通道烘房相比较,U型隧道内热风温度的均匀度改善,热能利用率提高,烘干时间缩短,烘房单位容积的产量增加。草鱼干燥现场生产的实测结果表明：产品脱水一致,可节省热能约30%,并缩短了生产时间约30%。     

华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡

对华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素输入输出的数量特征、平衡状况进行了分析,并评估其优化潜力。研究表明,华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田每年的氮素输入中,化学氮肥、农家肥、降水、灌溉、非生物固氮和种子带入农田的氮分别为545、68、21、15、15和5kghm-2a-1,氮素年输入总量为669kghm-2a-1;每年的氮素输出中,作物收获带走的氮为311kghm-2a-1,而氨挥发、反硝化和淋洗损失的氮分别为120、16和136kghm-2a-1,氮素年输出总量为583kghm-2a-1;氮素年盈余量为86kghm-2a-1。目前我国华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素处于大量赢余状态,从而导致氮素大量损失。因此,加强氮肥管理,提高氮肥利用率,加大有机肥施用的力度,是华北地区农田氮素资源管理的长期任务。