Performance of ponderosa pine seedlings under four herbicide regimes in northeast Oregon

The herbicide, hexazinone, was applied four ways over ponderosa pine, 2–0 seedlings planted in northeast Oregon. The four treatments were two broadcast applications, a single broadcast application, a large spot application, and a small spot application. Seedling survival and growth were monitored for five growing seasons. Results indicate that survival more than doubled with either large or small spot applications compared to no application, and either one or two broadcast applications can increase survival an additional 30% over spot applications. Differences in stem volume were substantial, with two broadcast applications yielding more than twice the volume of a single broadcast treatment and more than five times the volume of seedlings treated with spot applications. Trees in small spots were still three times bigger than surviving seedlings in the control. These results are consistent with the concept of competition threshold. Management implications were considered in terms of cost of established seedlings. Although broadcast applications cost more per acre than spot applications, gains in seedling survival, growth and quality offset the additional cost and translate into lower established seedling costs. The cost effectiveness of broadcast applications also may be seen in the elimination of replanting or in-planting requirements and increases in long-term growth potential of the established trees.     

Modeling spatial variability in the life-cycle costs of low-volume forest roads

Cost estimation is probably the most decisive factor in the process of computer-aided, preliminary planning for low-volume road networks. However, the cost of construction is normally assumed to be route-independent for a specific project area, resulting in sub-optimal layouts. This is especially true for mountainous terrain and in areas with unstable subsoil. Here, we present a model for more accurately estimating spatial variability in road life-cycle costs, based on terrain surface properties as well as geological properties of the subsoil. This parametric model incorporates four structural components: embankment, retaining structures, pavement, and drainage and stream-crossing structures. It is linked to a geo-database that allows users to derive location-specific parameter values as input. In applying this model, we have demonstrated that variability in costs ranges widely for mountainous areas, with the most expensive construction being approximately five times greater there than on more favorable sites. This variability strongly affects the optimal layout of a road network. First, when location-specific slope gradients are considered, costs are reduced by about 17% from those calculated via currently available engineering practices; when both slope gradient and geotechnical formations are included, those costs are decreased by about 20%. Second, the length of the road network is increased by about 4% and 10% respectively, compared with current practices.     

Technical change in forest sector models: the global forest products model approach

Technical change is developing rapidly in some parts of the forest sector, especially in the pulp and paper industry where wood fiber is being substituted by waste paper. In forest sector models, the processing of wood and other input into products is frequently represented by activity analysis (input–output). In this context, technical change translates in changes over time of the input–output (I–O) coefficients and of the manufacturing cost (labor, capital, and materials, excluding wood and fiber). In the case of the global forest products model, the I–O coefficients and the manufacturing costs are determined empirically from historical data, while correcting for possible reporting errors. The method consists of goal programming. The objective function is the sum of the weighted absolute value of the deviations from estimated and observed production in each country of interest. The constraints express the relationship between the multiple output (sawnwood, panels, pulp, paper) and input (wood, waste paper, other fiber) and prior knowledge on the limits of the I–O coefficients. The paper presents observed technical changes from 1993 to 2010 and projections to 2030 with their consequences for the global forest sector in terms of prices, production and consumption, value added, and carbon sequestration in forest biomass.     

成本核算是施工项目成本管理的核心

论述了成本核算的意义及重要性,阐明成本核算是施工项目成本管理的核心,应加以重视。     

论林地制度创新和林业产业化

我国林地制度产权模糊造成了"交易成本"过高,从而阻碍了林业经济资源的优化组合,形成了我国林地资源生产力低下的现象。通过制度经济学的方法分析,发现我国现行的林地制度已成为林业产业化的制度障碍之一。因此,林地制度创新是林业产业化的必由之路。     

森林采运作业环境成本核算的研究

本文总结了森林环境服务价值评价的方法 ,在分析了森林有形产品的经济价值和无形产品的环境服务价值的基础上 ,建立了采运作业环境成本核算的数学模型。     

智能建筑系统的构成及造价确定

智能建筑应能提供安全、舒适、快捷的优质服务,有一个有利于提高工作效率、激发人的创造性的环境.智能建筑是楼宇自动化系统、通信自动化系统和办公自动化系统三者通过结构化综合布线系统和计算机网络技术的有机集成,其中建筑环境是智能建筑的支持平台.     

工程变更项目造价决算探讨

分析了目前工程变更项目造价决算常采用方法的缺陷 ,并提出了要克服这种缺陷 ,最好在施工合同中要明确写入工程变更项目的决算要与投标报价保持同样优惠下降的条款 ,或者推行工程量清单招标。     

动态经济评价模块原理及其在林分经营模型中的应用*

通过动态经济评价模块，将成本构成要素分解成材料消耗，用工消耗和资金换算单位乘子等基本元素，而用以基本元素以自变量的函数描述成本及收入核算项目，借助模块内专门设计的解码过程，通过外部文件，修改成本构成要素的分解层次和描述单位，重新设计成本核算项目的描述函数，实现了经济评价模块同林分生长模型间的柔性结构匹配。压缩数据向量及其相应算法的引入，不仅减少了内存空间的占用量，而且提高了经济评价模块的运行速度，     

浅析会计信息披露

会计信息是人们为了加强经济管理、提高经济效益而建立的提供财务成本为主的信息,它是通过会计报表反映出来的。但由于表内信息的局限性和市场经济对会计信息的全面性需求,同时也由于会计信息的使用者越来越广泛,因此对会计信息的表外披露显得非常重要和必要。