Phosphorus removal in a marine prototype, recirculating aquaculture system

Phosphorus dynamics were examined in a prototype, zero-discharge, marine-recirculating system. Operation of the system without discharge of water and sludge was enabled by recirculation of effluent water through two separate treatment loops. Surface water from the fish basin was pumped over a trickling filter in one loop, while bottom-water was recirculated through a sedimentation basin followed by a fluidized bed reactor in the other treatment loop. Ammonia oxidation to nitrate in the trickling filter and organic matter digestion together with nitrate reduction in the sedimentation basin and fluidized bed reactor were the main biological features of this treatment system. Orthophosphate concentrations did not exceed 15 mg PO₄–P/l in the culture water during more than 1 year of system operation. Much of the phosphorus was retained within the sedimentation basin and fluidized bed reactor. In these treatment stages, the phosphorus content of organic matter was as high as 17.5% and 19%, respectively. High concentrations of total phosphorus and low concentrations of soluble orthophosphate were measured in the initial stages of sedimentation under oxic and anoxic conditions, suggesting that most of the phosphorus was associated with organic matter. Depletion of oxygen and nitrate in the sludge layers of the sedimentation basin coincided with sulfate reduction to sulfide and a release of soluble orthophosphate. The observed phosphorus dynamics in this marine system supported findings from previous studies in which it was demonstrated that denitrifiers underlie phosphorus immobilization under these conditions.     

A Comparison of Three Different Hydroponic Sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an Aquaponic Test System

Murray Cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell), and Green Oak lettuce, Lactuca sativa, were used to test for differences between three hydroponic subsystems, Gravel Bed, Floating Raft and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), in a freshwater Aquaponic test system, where plant nutrients were supplied from fish wastes while plants stripped nutrients from the waste water before it was returned to the fish. The Murray Cod had FCR's and biomass gains that were statistically identical in all systems. Lettuce yields were good, and in terms of biomass gain and yield, followed the relationship Gravel bed > Floating > NFT, with significant differences seen between all treatments. The NFT treatment was significantly less efficient than the other two treatments in terms of nitrate removal (20% less efficient), whilst no significant difference was seen between any test treatments in terms of phosphate removal. In terms of dissolved oxygen, water replacement and conductivity, no significant differences were observed between any test treatments. Overall, results suggest that NFT hydroponic sub-systems are less efficient at both removing nutrients from fish culture water and producing plant biomass or yield than Gravel bed or Floating hydroponic sub-systems in an Aquaponic context. Aquaponic system designers need to take these differences into account when designing hydroponic components within aquaponic systems.     

盐碱地高盐废水电解脱氯同步制氢特性

就近利用风光能电解盐碱地治理过程中产生的高盐废水,是同步实现风光消纳、废水处理和H2/Cl2生产的有效途径。然而,盐碱地治理废水盐浓度较低且盐离子种类众多,直接电解严重影响脱氯制氢效率。通过开展盐碱地治理废水的电解试验研究,讨论了盐浓度及不同除杂工艺对废水脱氯制氢特性的影响规律。结果表明,不同盐浓度废水电解的H2/Cl2产率与电流密度呈线性关系,且产H2速率稍大于产Cl2速率。电流密度和pH值均随盐浓度升高先增大后减小,废水中盐浓度为3.5 mol/L时,电解后最终电流密度和阴极的pH值均最大,电解效果最优。添加Ca(OH)2对废水进行电解前除杂,可将浓缩废水中Ca2+、Mg2+和SO42-浓度分别降低至0.02 、0.1 和0.2 mol/L。电解过程中通入CO2能够进一步降低杂质离子对废水电解的不利影响,使电解脱氯制氢性能提升10%左右,研究结果可为高盐废水处理提供理论支持。     

生态沟渠对农田面源污染的消减机理及其影响因子分析

农业生产过程中肥料和农药的大量施用,造成农田面源污染问题日益突出,开发农田面源污染的减控技术对生态修复具有重要的意义。生态沟渠不仅兼具农田排水沟的过水功能,同时是有效消减面源污染且适合中国农情的重要生态措施之一。该研究阐述了生态沟渠对农田面源污染的消减机理（底泥吸附及植物阻抗作用、植物/微生物吸收作用、降解去除作用）;通过整理分析559组生态沟渠野外观测试验数据,剖析了污染物初始浓度、水力停留时间、植物种类、生物量这4个主要影响因子对农田排水中N、P及农药去除率的影响;进而采用多元线性回归模型将多因子影响与N、P及农药去除率之间建立定量关系。结果表明总氮和总磷的去除率随单一因子污染物初始浓度、水力停留时间或生物量增大而增大,但与植物种类没有显著关系（P>0.05）;且多元线性回归模型结果表明污染物初始浓度的对总氮/总磷去除率的贡献大于生物量。农药的去除率随水力停留时间、生物量增大而增大,随污染物初始浓度增大而减小,与植物种类没有显著关系（P>0.05）。研究可为生态沟渠的合理构建和设计提供理论和技术支撑。     

Nitrogen Removal Improvement by Adding Peat in Deep Soil of Su bsu rface Wastewater Infiltration System

In order to enhance the nitrogen removal, a subsurface wastewater infiltration system （SWIS） was improved by adding peat in deep soil as carbon source for denitrification process. The effects of addition of carbon source in the underpart of the SWIS on nitrogen removal at different influents （with the total nitrogen （TN） concentration 40 and 80 mg L^-1, respectively） were investigated by soil column simulating experiments. When the relatively light pollution influent with 40 mg L^-1 TN was used, the average concentrations of NO3-N and TN in effluents were （4.69±0.235）, （6.18±0.079） mg L^-1, respectively, decreased by 32 and 30.8% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents was below the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg L^-1; as high as 92.67% of the TN removal efficiency was achieved. When relatively heavy pollution influent with 80 mg LITN was used, the average concentrations of NO3--N and TN in effluents were （10.2±0.265）, （12.5±0.148） mg L^-1 respectively, decreased by 20 and 21.2% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents met the grade Ⅲ of the national quality standard for ground water of China （GB/T 14848-1993） with the values less than 20 mg L^-1; the TN removal efficiency of 94.1% was achieved. In summary, adding peat in the underpart of the SWIS significantly decreased TN and NO3- -N concentration in effluents and the nitrogen removal efficiency improved significantly.     

高效聚磷菌株的筛选与鉴定

为了给富营养化水体的净化处理提供参考,对水体中的聚磷菌株进行了筛选和鉴定。结果表明：共筛选到聚磷菌株6株,其中,高效聚磷菌株3株,分别为 E5、E7和 E9,在磷浓度为30 mg／L 培养基中的除磷率分别为96．67％、87．78％和98．90％;通过菌株形态、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA 序列分析,初步鉴定菌株 E5和 E7属于变形菌纲假单孢菌目假单孢菌属的荧光假单孢菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens ）和假单孢菌属某种（Pseudomonas sp）,菌株 E9属于变形菌纲肠杆菌目克雷白氏杆菌属肺炎克雷白氏杆菌肺炎亚种（Klebsiella pneumonia subsp．pneumoniae）。     

新型粉煤灰陶粒对水中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除特性及吸附等温模拟

以粉煤灰、膨润土等制备新型粉煤灰陶粒,考察粉煤灰陶粒对溶液中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除特性并进行吸附等温线拟合.结果表明,粉煤灰陶粒对Cu(Ⅱ)的去除主要为吸附过程,对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附效果与陶粒用量、温度及振荡速度有关,较大的粉煤灰陶粒用量、适宜的温度及振荡有较好的Cu(Ⅱ)去除效果.当温度为25℃、pH4.5及振荡速度150 r/min时,2.00 g粉煤灰陶粒对50 mL溶液中浓度为100 mg/L的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率为100％,而同等条件下两种普通市售陶粒的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率分别只有14.6％、6.3％.陶粒吸附柱可连续4次对250 mL浓度为100 mg/L的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率达90％以上.25℃时粉煤灰陶粒对Cu(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量为2.78 mg/g,其吸附过程符合Langmuir等温式,以Freundlich吸附等温式拟合则相关性较差.     

几种植物对土壤中阿特拉津的吸收富集特征及去除效率研究

通过盆栽实验比较研究了7种植物对土壤中阿特拉津的去除效率,阿特拉津在植物体内的富集、转移,以及土壤中阿特拉津去除效率与植物生物量、根系发达程度之间的关系。结果表明:植物能有效促进土壤中阿特拉津的去除,不同植物对土壤中阿特拉津的去除能力存在差异,其中去除效率最高的是皇竹草,比对照提高了40.37%,7种植物的去除率大小依次为皇竹草斑茅黑麦草高羊茅龙葵牛筋草香附子;不同植物的生物量、根冠比与植物对阿特拉津的去除率存在明显的正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.838、0.866;7种植物对阿特拉津均有一定的吸收、富集与转运的能力,其中皇竹草的富集系数和转运系数最高,分别为0.54和2.81,其次为斑茅和高羊茅。可见,皇竹草、斑茅和高羊茅对土壤阿特拉津污染具有较好的修复潜力。     

活性氧化铝改性除氟性能研究

为提高活性氧化铝对饮用水中氟的去除效果,采用硫酸、氯化铁、硫酸与氯化铁复合3种方法对活性氧化铝进行改性。采用单因素和正交试验研究3种因素对3种改性活性氧化铝吸附除氟的影响。结果表明,硫酸与氯化铁复合改性的活性氧化铝的除氟效果最好,其最优改性条件组合为H₂SO₄浓度0.01 mol·L^-1,浸泡时间120 min,固液比1:5,FeCl₃浓度0.1%,浸泡时间180 min,固液比1:10;硫酸与氯化铁复合改性活性氧化铝的吸附行为更符合Langmuir等温线的拟合,即吸附为单分子层吸附,其最大吸附容量为4.98 mg·g^-1,是未改性的3.4倍;且硫酸与氯化铁复合改性活性氧化铝吸附氟后溶液中金属离子不超标。