水分胁迫和斜发沸石应用对花生产量及水分利用的影响

为探究水分胁迫和斜发沸石应用对花生产量及水分利用的影响,利用滑动遮雨棚开展了花生的盆栽试验。结果表明:水分胁迫极显著降低花生地上部干重,相比W3(轻度胁迫),W1(重度胁迫)和W2(中度胁迫)处理花生地上部干重分别降低24.00%和10.60%;随着斜发沸石的施入,花生地上部干重提高了7.74%,中度水分胁迫、施加斜发沸石处理花生地上部干重最大,中度水分胁迫下,花生产量为38.05±4.82 g,较轻度水分胁迫产量降低了7.69%,为最小降幅,且施加斜发沸石后花生产量为42.37±1.04 g,增产幅度为最大值(25.65%);中度水分胁迫(W2)花生水分利用效率最大(1.50±0.21 g·L~(-1)),且施加斜发沸石后花生水分利用效率达到1.68±0.09 g·L~(-1),成为在数值上推荐获得水分利用效率最优的处理。采用中度水分胁迫和施用斜发沸石能够实现花生节水高产的生产目标。     

Effect of Organic Amendment Derived from Co-Composting of Chicken Slurry and Rice Straw on Reducing Nitrogen Loss from Urea

Co-composting of chicken slurry and rice straw with clinoptilolite zeolite and urea as additives was conducted to determine the characteristics of a compost and their effects on controlling ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃^?) losses from urea. Quality of the compost was assessed based on temperature, moisture content, ash, pH, electrical conductivity, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, macronutrients, heavy metals, humic acid, microbial population, germination index, and phytotoxicity test. Moisture content and C/N ratio of the compost were 43.83% and 15, respectively. Total N, humic acid, ash, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) increased after co-composting rice straw and chicken slurry. Copper, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and microbial biomass of the compost were low. The germination rate of Zea mays on distilled water and Spinacia oleracea growth on peat-based growing medium (PBGM) and compost were not significantly different. Urea amended with compost reduced N loss by retaining NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? in the soil.     

Clinoptilolite Zeolite Influence on Nitrogen in a Manure-Amended Sandy Agricultural Soil

Zeolite minerals may improve nitrogen availability to plants in soil and reduce losses to the environment. A study was conducted to determine the influence of clinoptilolite (CL) on nitrogen (N) mineralization from solid dairy manure (224 kg N ha^?1) in a sandy soil. Clinoptilolite was added to soil at six rates (0 to 44.8 Mg CL ha^?1), each sampled during 11 sampling dates over a year. Over time, nitrate (NO₃)-N increased, ammonium (NH₄)-N decreased, but total inorganic N increased. Clinoptilolite did not influence the nitrification rates of initial manure NH₄-N or mineralization of organic N (ON) over time. It is possible that adsorption of manure-derived potassium (K) outcompeted the NH₄-N for CL exchange sites. The ON concentration was constant up to 84 days and then decreased by approximately 18% over the remaining time of the study across all treatments. Clinoptilolite use in this sandy soil did not alter mineralization of N from dairy manure.     

斜发沸石对辽西半干旱区节水灌溉稻田的节水减肥效应

针对辽西半干旱区稻田土壤保水保肥能力低下的问题,并为探明节水灌溉稻田中斜发沸石的节水减肥效应、明确其调控的氮积累过程参数与水稻产量之间的关系,于2019年和2020年在辽西彰武县绿维农场进行了大田试验。采用随机区组试验设计,设置常规淹灌（对照）、干湿交替灌溉和施加斜发沸石、干湿交替灌溉和施加斜发沸石并减氮1/4、干湿交替灌溉和施加斜发沸石并减磷1/4、干湿交替灌溉和施加斜发沸石并使用等量有机肥替代传统速效肥等5个处理,对水稻耗水量、干物质量、吸氮量等指标进行监测。结果表明,相较于常规淹灌,节水灌溉条件下施用斜发沸石可以显著节水4.8%~11.4%、提高水分生产率6.2%~15.5%、减少磷肥用量25%,最高增产9.7%;水稻耗水量呈现先增加、后降低的单峰曲线规律,而水稻需氮规律符合Richards生长函数变化趋势;主成分分析表明,水稻高产的3个关键因素为前期氮素积累量、氮素积累时间和积累过程的平稳性;干湿交替灌溉和施加斜发沸石并减磷1/4处理与干湿交替灌溉和施加斜发沸石处理增产的原因主要是提高了叶片的氮素积累,继而提高了干物质积累量和氮素在穗部的积累量。综上,干湿交替灌溉和施加斜发沸石并减磷1/4处理与干湿交替灌溉和施加斜发沸石处理氮素积累总量和氮素积累时效均较高,且氮素积累较平稳,是辽西半干旱地区稻田节水增效的重要模式。