野外扣笼条件下草原毛虫对食物的选择

1990～1991年在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区，定量研究了该地区重要的牧草害虫一门源草原毛虫在野外扣笼供食条件下的食物选择和利用，以及不同虫口密度对幼虫选择自然食物的影响。结果表明：在高寒草甸生态系统中该虫可取食约44种植物，隶属12科31属，喜食食物主要由禾草类和莎草类的16种植物组成；随着幼虫龄期的增长，毛虫食物谱植物种类逐渐增多；随着扣笼内幼虫密度的增加，幼虫的食物谱逐渐增大，出现食物谱泛化；毛虫对食物的利用表现出粗消化率较高、食物转化率低的特点；在供饲的四种喜食植物中，毛虫对小嵩草的利用和转化率最好。     

“计算机外设”多媒体CAI系统设计与实现

结合“计算机外设”课程的多媒体ＣＡＩ系统开发实例，讨论了课堂教学与多媒体辅助教学（ＣＡＩ）系统之间的关系，以及系统的开发策略和设计原则。     

呼和浩特市郊区碾格图村奶牛业的发展及启示

呼郊发展奶牛业,目前占有天时地利两个有利因素,是发展奶牛业的大好时机。呼郊乡村要紧紧抓住这一时机,从而走上富裕的道路;发展奶牛业要有整体观念,全局思想,要将种、养、加紧密结合起米。从长远来看,要加强加工业的发展,通过加工业的发展,为种、养两业提供资金,提供动力,从而带动整个奶牛业的发展,满足城乡人民对鲜牛奶及乳制品的需求;种植业的内部结构如何,关系到奶牛业能否持续发展。具有自己的饲料基地,是呼郊奶牛业发展的基础;奶牛品种是决定奶牛投入产出比,经济效益高低的关键因素,而科学的饲养管理是品种优势转化为产品优势的保证。     

Laboratory studies of substrate and microhabitat selection in the southern cavefish (Typhlichthys subterraneus Girard)

Abstract– The southern cavefish ( Typhlichthys subterraneus Girard) is a small troglobitic fish found in a few disjunct populations in the central United States. Protecting and managing these populations requires a knowledge of southern cavefish microhabitat requirements, including their preference for substrate. We conducted tests of their preferences for cobble, gravel, pea gravel, and sand substrates in two-way and multiple choice experiments for extended periods using time-lapse video photography. Cobble proved to be the substrate these fish preferred to occur within. In nature, this preference may provide cavefish increased foraging opportunities and/or refuge from high flows associated with flooding. Our results indicate the need to (1) maintain coarse substrate as an integral part of cavefish habitats, and (2) direct cavefish censusing attempts towards such key areas.     

Goat meat acceptance in Japan: Current situation and future prospects

Three surveys and a sensory evaluation of goat meat were conducted in Japan to examine the current needs and future possibilities of goat meat consumption. The experimental results of the present study lead us to conclude the following: (i) improving the smell of goat meat and combining the sale of goat meat with recipes may increase goat meat demand among housewives; (ii) it seems to be difficult to disseminate Okinawa goat cuisine to non‐Okinawa residents because of the typical odor of goat meat, which is unlikely to be preferred by the public; (iii) the “chewiness” of goat meat is rated highly by young participants according to a sensory evaluation, and loin meat is rated highly compared with hind leg meat; and (iv) there is a rapidly increasing interest and a tremendous purchasing drive towards goat meat among university students. However, these facts call for further investigation of the goat meat demand in Japan. The following three further experiments are needed to solve this issue: (i) breeding to improve the taste of goat meat; (ii) expanding the marketing of goat meat combined with the invention of Japanese‐style goat recipes and tie‐in sales supermarkets; and (iii) implementing further sensory analyses to compare goat meat with other meat and carrying out market analysis in Japan.     

不同品系赤眼蜂对烟青虫卵的寄生选择性

采用棚室笼罩试验，研究了松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂的不同品系对不同卵龄烟青虫卵的寄生选择性、松毛虫赤眼蜂HJS品系对烟草不同叶位、叶面上的烟青虫卵及不同植物（辣椒和烟草）上的烟青虫卵的寄生选择性。结果表明，松毛虫赤眼蜂HJS、YYS品系和螟黄赤眼蜂JDM品系对0～12h烟青虫卵的寄生率显著高于12～36h的卵；而螟黄赤眼蜂GGM品系对该二卵龄烟青虫卵的寄生选择性无显著差异。不论位于叶正面、叶背面还是整叶上的卵，松毛虫赤眼蜂HJS品系均对倒10～12叶位的卵寄生选择系数最高，其次为倒13～15叶，对倒1～6叶均较低，这与烟青虫产卵对叶位的选择不同；HJS对所有叶位叶正面烟青虫卵的寄生选择系数均高于对背面的，并以倒1～3和倒4～6叶位最为明显，且HJS对叶正面卵的寄生倾向和程度与烟青虫雌蛾在该叶位正面产卵的倾向及程度存在差异，该差异因叶位不同而不等。HJS对辣椒上烟青虫卵的寄生选择系数较高，而烟青虫偏好产卵于烟草。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂寄主识别行为的研究

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂室内寄生行为观察发现，无选择条件下，处女蜂对棉铃虫和斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生偏爱强于甜菜夜蛾，第3次遭遇，雌蜂对棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫的累计产卵刺探率分别为73．3％、70％和30％；产卵经历能显著增强雌蜂对最优寄主和次优寄主的寄生能力；雌蜂不具同种识别过寄生能力，具一定自身识别过寄生能力，但时效期短于8h。雌蜂对混合种群的寄生选择研究发现，寄生蜂对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生率显著高于甜菜夜蛾幼虫，分别为91．0％和76．3％；雌蜂对3日龄、4日龄和5日龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生率分别为71．7％、67．8％和63．4％，三者之间差异不显著，均显著高于对6日龄幼虫的寄生率（30．4％）。     

西花蓟马对不同颜色粘卡的嗜好及其诱虫效果

西花蓟马对14种不同颜色粘卡的嗜好及其诱虫量比较试验数据显示,颜色较浅的1号和4号黄色粘卡诱虫效果显著高于12号粘卡（市售黄板）.在测定颜色范围内,随黄色程度变浅诱集效果逐渐增强,蓝色粘卡从9号开始随颜色变深或变浅,诱虫效果均逐渐降低,黄色1号的诱虫效果最好,与黄色4号和蓝色9号粘卡的效果差异不显著.结果表明市场上出售的蓝色和黄色均不是诱集效果最好的颜色或亮度,以前没有黄色粘卡对西花蓟马诱集效果的报道.     

Vegetation density of urban parks and perceived appropriateness for recreation

There is a growing body of evidence indicating that exposure to, and activities in, nature have beneficial effects on human health. Since a majority of people in many countries live in urban areas, availability and use of urban green areas is of increasing importance to public health. In the present study we measured urban residents’ (Trondheim, Norway) recreational preferences for urban park landscapes varying in vegetation density, and aimed at an identification of background variables and environmental value orientations that we hypothesised to influence such preferences. The results showed that moderately dense scenes received the highest preference ratings. Socio-demographic variables and value orientations predicted preferences for moderate to densely vegetated scenes: A curvi-linear effect of age of respondents was found, with subjects in their mid-40s expressing a higher preference for moderate to dense vegetation, compared to younger and older subjects. Preference for moderate to dense vegetation also increased as the educational levels of the respondents increased. The preference was lower among people living in apartment blocks, relative to those living in detached houses. Of attitudinal and value-related variables, interest in wildlife, and pro-ecological value orientation (measured with the NEP scale) predicted preference for urban parks with moderate and dense vegetation. The existence of preference for relatively dense vegetation in urban parks in segments of the population has consequences for the designing of urban parks in Norway.     

动物园的科学发展观与市场化选择

本文从动物园的发展实践中，提出动物园的科学发展观；从发展机遇、体制创新、市场定位、功能发挥、文化建园、开拓市场、科学管理和依法经营8个方面论述了市场经济对我国动物园提出的要求。