Molecular identification of Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. and E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. using a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism technique

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques were applied for establishing the reliable practice in identification of Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. and E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (barnyardgrass). Total DNA was extracted from 18 accessions and 86 individuals of E. oryzicola , 33 accessions and 140 individuals of E. crus-galli var. crus-galli , 23 individuals of E. crus-galli var. praticola , and six individuals of E. crus-galli var. formosensis that were collected from Japan. A partial region of intergenetic spacer between trn T and trn L, and an intron of trn L were amplified separately using a trn-a and trn-b1 primer set, and a trn-c and trn-d primer set, respectively. All individuals of E. oryzicola showed the same fragment amplified by the trn-a and trn-b1 primer set. The fragment was 481 bp in length, and was undigested by Eco R I, whereas all individuals of E. crus-galli , including three botanical varieties, showed the same fragment with a 449-bp length. The fragment was digested by Eco R I into two fragments (178 and 271 bp). The fragment amplified by the trn-c and trn-d primer set in all individuals of E. oryzicola was digested by Alu I into two fragments (174 and 452 bp), but undigested by Dra I. In contrast, the fragment amplified by the trn-c and trn-d primer set in all individuals of E. crus-galli was digested by Dra I into two fragments (134 and 487 bp), but undigested by Alu I. There was no intraspecific variation in these regions; thus, these two species are easily identifiable by using our method.     

桔始叶螨对桔叶叶绿体危害的超微变化简报

柑桔叶片被桔始叶螨危害后,叶绿体摸不完整,淀粉粒异常膨大,基粒片层排列松散、不规则,有的甚至消失,嗜锇颗粒数目增多。     

营养液对毛竹叶绿体等超微结构的影响

对施用毛竹营养液 1 a后的 5个年度的毛竹叶片进行透射电镜观察 ,发现其细胞中叶绿体的个数、基粒片层、基质片层、淀粉粒较对照组有明显增多 ,此外细胞中的线粒体、微体、核糖体和细胞内含物等也明显增加 ,从而加强毛竹的光合作用 ,促进毛竹的生长 .实验结果还表明叶绿体中淀粉粒的积累并不影响光合速率     

Herbicidal indolizine-5,8-diones: photosystem I redox mediators

6,7-Disubstituted indolizine-5,8-diones showed activity as herbicides, giving rapid desiccation symptomology in whole-plant tests and bleaching in leaf-disc assays. In isolated chloroplasts, such compounds initiated rapid uptake of oxygen in Photosystem I. A redox mediator mode of action was further supported by electrochemical studies. Several compounds described had low photostability, high volatility, hydrolytic instability or reactivity with glutathione. The detrimental effects that these factors may have had on expression of herbicidal activity are discussed.     

Rapid bidirectional allele-specific PCR identification for triazine resistance in higher plants

Triazine resistance is reported to be due to chloroplast herbicide target insensitivity in most species, and this is most often caused by a Ser(264)-Gly mutation at the D1 protein. In order to ascertain whether this mutation is really predominant amongst resistant plants, and also for gene flow studies, a rapid test is needed that allows the testing of large quantities of plants. Here a bidirectional allele-specific PCR (polymerase chain reaction) identification is proposed. The designed primers were shown to be universal in the three grass and three broadleaf species examined.     

辣椒属叶绿体基因组特征及进化

辣椒(Capsicum L.)属于重要的蔬菜和香料作物,在世界范围广泛栽培.种质资源是育种和生产的基础,开展辣椒属叶绿体基因组特征研究对阐明辣椒种质资源遗传多样性、培育和改良栽培品种具有重要的理论和实践价值.本研究从NCBI数据库下载13个辣椒属物种叶绿体基因组序列,利用REPuter、MISA和mVISTA等软件,对...     

旱柳非叶光合组织（皮层）叶绿体光合特性

测定人工气候室中培养的旱柳当年生枝条和完全展开叶片的光合色素含量,并应用蔗糖密度梯度离心法提取枝条皮层和完全展开叶片叶绿体,测定其完整性,比较分析二者光响应特性和叶绿素荧光特性的差异。结果表明：旱柳皮层叶绿素含量约是叶片的10.0%,类胡萝卜素含量约是叶片的13.7%,叶绿素 a/b 比值小于叶片,叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比值大于叶片;应用蔗糖密度梯度离心法可获得被膜完整率超过80%的离体叶绿体,能够满足叶绿体光合生理特性研究的需要;100,200,300,500,800μmol·m －2 s －1光强下,旱柳皮层叶绿体的光合放氧速率均低于叶片,光饱和点出现在300μmol·m －2 s －1,最大光合放氧速率为35.58μmolO2·mg －1 Chl h －1,而叶片的光饱和点在500μmol·m －2 s －1,最大光合放氧速率为42.78μmolO2·mg －1 Chl h －1;皮层叶绿体的 PSⅡ最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm )平均高出叶片30.2%,PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)平均高出叶片36.1%。旱柳皮层叶绿体的光合速率和光饱和点低于叶片,皮层叶绿体表现出较高的光能转化效率、较低的叶绿素 a/b比值等适应枝条内光环境的特点。     

辣椒染色体倍性水平的快速检测

为了寻求简便、快速的辣椒染色体倍性鉴定方法,以辣椒纯系B19、B23花药培养产生的单倍体植株(n=x=12)及用其种子长成的二倍体植株为试材,对用气孔保卫细胞叶绿体计数法鉴定其倍数性进行了研究。结果表明,单倍体和二倍体辣椒植株气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数平均值的差异极显著,单倍体的叶绿体数在13以下,二倍体的叶绿体数等于或大于13;气孔叶绿体数目随染色体倍数性的增加而增加,用气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数目预测植株倍性的准确率可达92.68%。表明采用气孔保卫细胞叶绿体计数法可以在苗期快速、准确地确定植株的染色体倍性。     

白菜胞质雄性不育系及保持系叶片色素含量及其超微结构

以白菜胞质雄性不育系、原不育材料及其保持系为试材，比较了不同发育时期叶片色素含量及其超微结构的差异。结果表明，莲座期原不育材料色素含量极显低于新不育种质及保持系；而在苗期及抽薹期，色素含量差异均不显。各时期不育材料细胞器发育明显滞后于保持系。莲座期，原雄性不育材料叶绿体呈椭圆形，片层结构疏松，叶绿体数目及叶绿素含量明显低于新不育种质及保持系。保持系及新不育种质叶绿体发达，片层结构较多。同期保持系线粒体结构发达，内脊丰富，内含物充实；而不育系线粒体结构简单，内脊较少，线粒体的数目高于保持系。到抽薹期，无论叶绿体还是线粒体都呈退化状态，叶绿体内累积淀粉粒，线粒体内脊减少，不育系线粒体严重空泡化。     

不同低温处理对3种相思树种叶片细胞超微结构影响的比较研究

通过透射电子显微镜观察不同低温处理下纹荚、厚荚、黑木相思的叶片细胞超微结构的变化情况，结果表明：低温对相思类树种叶片细胞超微结构有不同程度的影响。不同相思种的抗寒性存在差异，抗寒性排序为：黑木相思〉纹荚相思〉厚荚相思。