向海尖底泡沼泽沉积物磁化率特征及其环境意义

以吉林省向海自然保护区尖底泡沼泽湿地为研究对象,通过210Pb,137Cs建立高分辨率年代序列,并结合沉积物粒度指标,分析沉积物粒度与磁化率变化的相关性,对向海近几百年的环境变化进行探讨.结果表明:历史时期内陆沼泽沉积物频率磁化率反映的向海气候变化可划分3个阶段,并与粒度的分析结果基本一致.沼泽沉积物磁化率可以作为恢复历史时期环境变化的指标之一.     

运城盆地洪积平原全新世环境演变与侵蚀阶段研究

根据山西运城盆地中条山洪积扇全新世剖面的磁化率、粒度分析研究,揭示了全新世以来运城盆地的环境演变和面状流水侵蚀堆积阶段。研究结果表明运城盆地全新世早期气候较温和干燥;全新世中期气候温暖湿润;而全新世晚期气候比较干旱。由于全新世气候的波动变化,以及人类活动的影响,运城盆地洪积扇地表出现过4个比较明显的面状流水侵蚀-堆积作用阶段,时间分别在11500-11000a B.P.、3850~3300a B.P.、2200~2000a B.P和1300-800a B.P.。其中,11500-11000a B.P.间的侵蚀-搬运阶段是由气候变化引起,后三个阶段则是由气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果,这为探索黄土高原侵蚀历史演变提供了新的途径。     

五十年代以来辽南地区土地利用/土地覆被变化及驱动机制分析

土地利用/土地覆被变化对区域发展研究具有重要意义,区域案例研究方法是土地利用/土地覆被变化的核心。以建国以来经济发展和土地利用/土地覆被变化都比较迅速的辽宁南部地区作为研究区域,重建并分析辽南地区自1954年以来三个时段的土地利用/土地覆被时空变化特征,在此基础上研究辽南地区土地利用变化的驱动机制。结果表明1954年到2000年期间,辽南地区的土地转换主要发生在耕地、林地和城乡居民点和工矿用地之间。农村工业化和城镇化是耕地变化的主要驱动力,城市建成区的扩展主要是经济水平提高和第三产业的发展等因素作用的结果,城市用地扩展以侵占耕地为代价。     

近50年中国气温变化的区域差异及其与全球气候变化的联系

采用1961-1990年逐年年平均气温资料,运用旋转经验正交函数(REOF),将中国大陆划分为8个气温变化区。之后依据1951-2000年逐月气温和年平均气温资料,采用线性回归和滑动平均等方法分析各个区域的气温变化趋势和特征。最后分析了六个遥相关指数与每个区域年平均气温、冬季气温、夏季气温标准化序列的相关关系,指出中国气温变化与全球气候变化的相关性。研究发现:1951—2000中,我国大陆35oN以北地区年平均气温变暖显著于35oN以南。23-35oN、90-112.5oE即青海南部、西藏东部、四川和云南的西部变冷。所有区域90年代为最暖期,且都存在显著变暖趋势。35oN以北地区冬季的变暖速率显著大于夏季和年平均气温的升温速率。我国的气温变化与全球气候变化有一定程度的相关关系,而且不同季节,响应全球大气变化的区域也不同。     

宁夏大风日数气候变化及其对沙尘天气的影响

本文利用宁夏23个气象台站1961—2004年共44a的大风日数、沙尘暴日数、扬沙日数资料,统计分析了宁夏大风日数的空间分布和时间分布特征,结果表明:近44a来宁夏存在2个大风中心———北部的惠农和东部的麻黄山,西南部的隆德大风日数最少,春季是宁夏各站大风日数最多的季节;20世纪60、70年代是宁夏大风日数明显偏多期,80、90年代是偏少期,21世纪初期比20世纪80、90年代略有增加;大风日数气候倾向率16个站为负值,7个站为正值;大武口———石炭井一带、麻黄山、兴仁、泾源是大风日出现的沙尘暴次数占其沙尘暴出现总次数的百分率高值区,陶乐———盐池一带、中卫是低值区,且大风中心区与沙尘暴频发区不重合;惠农、麻黄山是大风日出现的扬沙次数占扬沙出现总次数的百分率高值区,陶乐、永宁、盐池、中卫是低值区;年平均大风日数、年大风日出现沙尘暴次数及扬沙次数均呈减少趋势,时间曲线变化趋势也相同。     

艾比湖流域水资源变化与区域响应

艾比湖流域地处干旱的北疆地区,人类活动中最突出的建设水利设施和土地开发利用,加之全球变化的影响,改变了艾比湖及其水系原生自然生态系统,水资源和水环境发生了很大的变化。在综合研究流域内水资源变化成因的基础上,提出通过开源和节流并举,保证生态用水量,调整产业结构,依靠工程性和非工程性措施响应水资源变化,降低脆弱性,实现流域效益的最大化。     

Habitat loss, Fragmentation, and Alteration – Quantifying the Impactof Land-use Changes on a Spanish Dehesa Landscape by Use of Aerial Photography and GIS

Mediterranean agroforestry landscapes, dehesas, experience significant structural changes that affect their ability to support habitats for a rich biodiversity. The goal of this study is to provide quantitative information on loss, fragmentation, and alteration of holm oak (Quercus ilex) stands over a 42-year period, based on two sites in the lowlands of Cáceres province, Spain. Aerial photography and orthoimages from 1956, 1984, and 1998 were processed in a geographic information system (GIS). Important changes in demography and land-use were rural depopulation, abandonment of traditional agricultural activities, and a sharp increase in livestock stocking levels. These were related to intensification and extensification of land-uses determined by national and EU agricultural policies. Results of the land cover analysis indicated that dehesas suffered an annual 0.27% and 0.04% decrease in cover in the two sites. From 1984 loss rate had markedly accelerated (0.83% and 0.30%). Most dehesas were lost by shrub encroachment or conversion to open grassland. Fragmentation through roads increased by 28% and 45%, while rural buildings decreased by 17% and 50% from 1956 to 1998. Mean tree density decreased from 1956 to 1984, but a recovery was found since 1984. Significant factors determining stand densities in most time points were altitude (related with different land-uses and geological substrates), ownership, and proximity to villages. This suggests that stand structure is controlled both by human interventions and ecological settings. The findings support the view that opposite trends of land abandonment and intensification of land-uses arise in most northern Mediterranean countries as an effect of the EU Common Agricultural Policy.     

青藏高原低云量的年际变化及其稳定性

利用青藏高原80个测站1961-2000年1～12月低云量资料,分析了青藏高原低云量的年际变化规律.结果表明:青藏高原的低云量从东南向西北减少,云量的稳定性夏季高于冬季,南部高于北部.江河上游区域、藏东谷地、川西高原、甘南高原和祁连山区是青藏高原低云量多,且比较稳定的地区;青藏高原西部低云量月变化振幅大,尤以西南部为最,夏季云量最多;高原东南部江河上游区和藏东谷地3～9月低云量多,且起伏变化小,6月和9月出现峰值;高原东南部低云量稳定性较好;低云量的年际变化总体呈下降趋势, 江河上游区和高原东南部的低云量变化缓慢,高原西北部有显著上升趋势;变化趋势在季节上表现为冬、春、夏、秋西北上升西南下降,春、秋季中东部持平,夏、冬略降.     

Land-cover and structural changes in a western Norwegian cultural landscape since 1865, based on an old cadastral map and a field survey

Many studies of land-cover and structural changes in cultural landscapes have used historical maps as a source for information about past land-cover. All transformations of historical maps onto modern coordinate systems are however burdened with difficulties when it comes to accuracy. We show that a detailed land survey of the present landscape may enable transformation of an old cadastral map directly onto the present terrain with very high accuracy. The detailed resulting map enabled us to locate remnants of semi-natural grasslands and man-made structures with continuity from 1865 and to test hypotheses about relationships between landscape changes and landscape characteristics. The main land-cover change 1865–2002 was decrease of arable fields, and addition of three new land-cover classes: horticultural, orchard and abandoned areas. Of the 330 man-made structures present in 1865, only 58 remained in 2002, while 63 new structures had been built after 1865. We found that semi-natural grasslands with continuity since 1865 were situated on ground with significantly lower production capacity than mean 1865 production capacity. The man-made structures with continuity since 1865 were also associated with areas with significantly lower production capacity than the 1865 mean, situated in significantly steeper terrain but not further from the hamlet. Our study illustrates the potential of digitised and accurately transformed historical cadastral maps combined with detailed field surveys for analysis of land-cover and structural changes in the cultural landscape.     

Are hedgerows effective corridors between fragments of woodland habitat? An evidence-based approach

Anthropogenic modification of the countryside has resulted in much of the landscape consisting of fragments of once continuous habitat. Increasing habitat connectivity at the landscape-scale has a vital role to play in the conservation of species restricted to such remnant patches, especially as species may attempt to track zones of habitat that satisfy their niche requirements as the climate changes. Conservation policies and management strategies frequently advocate corridor creation as one approach to restore connectivity and to facilitate species movements through the landscape. Here we examine the utility of hedgerows as corridors between woodland habitat patches using rigorous systematic review methodology. Systematic searching yielded 26 studies which satisfied the review inclusion criteria. The empirical evidence currently available is insufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of hedgerow corridors as a conservation tool to promote the population viability of woodland fauna. However, the studies did provide anecdotal evidence of positive local population effects and indicated that some species use hedgerows as movement conduits. More replicated and controlled field investigations or long-term monitoring are required in order to allow practitioners and policy makers to make better informed decisions about hedgerow corridor creation and preservation. The benefits of such corridors in regard to increasing habitat connectivity remain equivocal, and the role of corridors in mitigating the effects of climate change at the landscape-scale is even less well understood.