Modeling the spatial structure of topical forests

The spatial structure of tropical forest stands under different management conditions was modeled as a series of different spatial point processes. Spatial patterns were first assessed by K-function analyses to help choose a point process appropriate for observed patterns. The homogenous Neyman–Scott process accurately described live tree distribution in clear cut areas, where tree patterns tended to be aggregated. Parameters were estimated by minimizing Diggle's modified least squares criterion, and goodness-of-fit was assessed by comparison to confidence envelopes constructed by Monte Carlo simulation. Parameter estimates can be interpreted to help understand the ecological processes influencing re-colonization of disturbed areas. The inhomogeneous Poisson process was investigated for simulating the spatial pattern of ingrowth trees in lower canopy strata. The intensity function of this process was inversely proportional to variables representing canopy density. As assessed by Monte Carlo generation of confidence envelopes, the inhomogeneous Poisson process successfully portrayed the influence of canopy structure on understory plant distribution in most stands. Tree mortality was modeled as a thinning process in which the probability of individual tree mortality was conditional on subject tree attributes and competitive environment. The thinning function took the form of a generalized linear model with a binomial error distribution and logit link function. In most stands, tree neighborhood variables were powerful predictors of mortality, but they were not important predictors in all plots. This suggests that the surrounding forest structure of a subject tree has considerable influence on its morality, but competition is not the sole cause of tree morality in tropical forests.     

河北省土壤硼的含量与分布

河北土壤全硼平均25.9ppm,变幅2—75ppm.用沸水5分钟提取的有效硼平均0.50ppm,变幅0.02—9.38ppm.全省61.8%的耕地有效硼在临界缺乏值(0.5ppm)以下,0.51—1.0ppm中硼耕地占32.5%,>1.0ppm高硼耕地仅占5.7%.土壤硼含量决定于成土母质.在成土过程中数量消长期与成土条件,土壤质地、有机质、碳酸钙、pH等有关.本文讨论了它们之间的数量关系.     

Genetics of tolerance to high concentrations of soil boron in peas (Pisum sativum L.)

Summary The inheritance of tolerance to high concentrations of soil boron in pea (Pisum sativum L.) was studied in five cross combinations and their reciprocals. Segregation patterns for boron response in F₂ populations and F₃ derived families were established by visual assessment of leaf damage. The segregation ratios were explained in terms of two major gene loci interacting in an additive manner with incomplete dominance at each locus. Evaluation of selected tolerant and susceptible families indicated that tolerant families contained a significantly lower concentration of boron in shoots than susceptible families.     

植株中全硼测定方法的研究

以硝酸-高氯酸为湿灰化法的氧化剂,不同植物材料为试验对象,干灰化法的测试结果为参比,探讨研究湿灰化法测定植株全硼的可行性。结果表明:湿灰化法测定植株全硼含量与干灰化法的结果基本一致,利用湿灰化法进行样品消解是可行的,这为批量测试植株中的全硼含量提供了有益的探索。     

Responses of wheat and barley genotypes to toxic concentrations of soil boron

Summary The growth and yield of seven wheat and two barley cultivars or lines, previously found to show different degrees of boron tolerance under field conditions, were compared in a pot experiment at a range of soil boron treatments. Soil treatments ranged up to 150 mg/kg applied B. Extractable B in soils ranged up to 103 mg/kg.At the highest B treatment seedling emergence was delayed, but the percentage emergence was not reduced. The degree of boron toxicity symptom expression varied between the wheat cultivars and lines, with the two most tolerant, Halberd and (Wq^*KP)^*WmH)/6/12, displaying the least symptoms.The concentration of boron applied to the soil which produced a significant depression of growth and yield varied between cultivars. For example, the yield of (Wq^*KP)^*WmH)/6/12 was not affected at the 100 mg/kg applied boron treatment, while the grain yield for (Wl^*MMC)/W1/10 was significantly reduced at the 25 mg/kg treatment.There was a linear increase in boron concentration in tillers at the boot-stage with increasing concentration of boron in the soil. The most boron tolerant genotypes had the lowest tissue boron concentrations in each of the treatments. Halberd and (Wq^*KP)^*WmH)/6/12 had approximately half the boron concentrations of the more sensitive genotypes at the 25 and 50 mg/kg treatments. Differential tolerance of boron within the tissue was also observed. Both Stirling and (Wl^*MMC)/W1/10 had significantly reduced total dry matter and grain yields at the 25 mg/kg treatment, while the concentrations of boron in boot stage tillers at this treatment were 118 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. On the other hand, Halberd and (Wq^*KP)^*WmH)/6/12 had tissue boron concentrations of 144 and 131 mg/kg, respectively, at the 50 mg/kg treatment but yield was unaffected.The relative responses in the pot experiment, for wheat, were in close agreement with field results. Halberd and (Wq^*KP)^*WmH)/6/12 had the highest grain yields, with the lowest concentrations of boron in the grain when grown under high boron conditions in the field. In pots these two genotypes proved to be the most tolerant of boron. For barley the advantage in grain yield in the field, expressed by WI-2584 compared with Stirling, was not repeated in pots. WI-2584 was, however, more tolerant than Stirling on the basis of total dry matter production.The results show that useful variation in boron tolerance exists among wheat, and that breeding should be able to provide cultivars tolerant to high levels of boron.     

Comparison of European with West Asian and North African winter barleys in tolerance to boron toxicity

Three plastic-house experiments were conducted to compare the tolerance of European with West Asian and North African (WANA) winter barleys to boron (B) toxicity. Experiment I screened 24 winter barley entries with diverse origins. Experiment III tested 420 random accessions from seven European and seven WANA countries. Plants were screened in a soil mixed with boric acid (50 mg B/kg) and foliar B-toxicity symptom scores were recorded. Lower scores indicated higher B-toxicity tolerance. In Experiment II, five lines/varieties from each of the European and WANA groups were grown in pots with two soil B levels (0 and 25 mg B/kg). The West Asian landrace barleys had a lower mean B-toxicity symptom score than the European ones. The Syrian landrace variety normally grown in drier areas had a lower score than the Syrian landrace variety grown in wetter areas. Dry weights of the European and WANA groups were not different without adding B, but dry weight under 25 mg B/kg was lower for the European group than the WANA group. European accessions had a higher mean B-toxicity symptom score than the WANA accessions. Iranian and Afghan accessions had the lowest mean scores among countries. These results support the hypothesis that European winter barley varieties and accessions are less tolerant to B toxicity than those WANA accessions and varieties developed from local landraces. The lower B-toxicity tolerance could be a factor adversely affecting the performance of European winter barley varieties in the highlands of WANA. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

塞曼石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定硼的方法研究

采用 Sr-Ni-Al-Mg 混合液为基体改进剂,研究了塞曼石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定硼的方法.试验表明,使用本混合基体改进剂,抗干扰能力强,大大挺高硼的吸收信号,线性范围较宽(0.2～10μg/mLB),并且在线性范围内彻底消除了硼的记忆效应.方法的特征量为100pg/0.0044A·S.     

水分状况及硼素营养对油菜苗期根系生长及硼营养效率的影响

采用温室盆栽试验 ,研究了不同土壤水分条件下施硼对油菜苗期根系生长、硼吸收、利用及其移动性的影响。结果表明 ,随土壤含水量、施硼量的下降 ,油菜根长、根体积、根系生长速率、根 /冠比减小 ,根系及地上部干物质积累降低 ,植株地上部硼浓度及含硼量下降。而硼利用效率、硼运移指数则随土壤含水量、施硼量的下降而升高。不同油菜品种的根系形态参数 (包括根长、根体积、根干重、根冠比及根系生长速率 )、硼利用效率及运移指数存在明显差异 ,即在相同条件下 ,V1根系较发达 ,硼利用效率、运移指数均高于V4 。研究认为 ,根系发达程度、硼利用效率及硼移动性大小是不同基因型油菜耐缺硼差异的重要因素。     

硼对2个棉花品种花器官不同部位矿质营养的影响Ⅱ.对N、P、K、Ca和Mg的影响

土培条件下研究硼对2个硼效率不同的棉花品种花器官各部位氯、磷、钾、钙和镁含量及累积量的影响。结果表明，无论缺硼与否，2个棉花品种花器官中雄蕊、雌蕊的氯、磷、钾含量较高，苞叶和花萼中钙、镁含量较高；氯、磷、钾和镁累积量以花冠最高，花萼最低，而钙累积量则以苞叶明显较高。缺硼对不同棉花品种花器官各部位5种养分含量影响的差异不明显，但养分累积量变化却不同，缺硼胁迫下，高效品种雄蕊、雌蕊中养分累积量相对较多，苞叶相对较少，低效品种则相反，花冠和花萼中养分累积量变化的品种间差异相对较小。     

硼对棉花叶片解剖结构的影响

在土培条件下,研究了缺硼和硼中毒对棉花叶片解剖结构的影响。结果表明:缺硼真叶及子叶的叶脉维管束明显增长,输导组织严重受损,细胞畸形,细胞数显著增加,且叶片加厚,但栅栏组织所占比例及其细胞中的内含物减少并解体,导致总叶绿粒和线粒体降低,可能是减弱光介强度的重要原因之一。硼中毒仅影响叶缘及叶尖的解剖结构,表现为栅栏细胞叶绿粒减少,海绵细胞衰老坏死,表皮细胞排列紊乱、缺硼及硼中毒对解剖结构的变化与外观症状一致。